高性能阻隔膜对新制蒸汽压片玉米储存过程防霉效果的研究

本试验利用普通隔膜和高性能阻隔膜材料储存新制蒸汽压片玉米,检测不同保存时间点蒸汽压片玉米的霉变情况,探讨利用高性能阻隔膜储存新制蒸汽压片玉米的可行性。试验以不密封的普通隔膜储存新制蒸汽压片玉米为未密封普通隔膜组,以密封的普通隔膜储存新制蒸汽压片玉米为密封普通隔膜组,以密封的高性能阻隔膜储存新制蒸汽压片玉米为高阻隔膜组。将各组新制蒸汽压片玉米分别在储存0、7、14、21、28、42、56 d后取出,进行感官评价并测定其化学成分含量、脂肪酸值及黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)和呕吐毒素(DON)含量。结果表明:1)随着储存时间的延长,未密封普通隔膜组和密封普通隔膜组相继出现霉变现象,高阻隔膜组储存至56 d时尚未出现霉变现象。2)随着储存天数的增加,不同膜处理的蒸汽压片玉米的粗脂肪、可溶性淀粉含量和淀粉糊化度呈降低趋势,粗灰分、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量在储存期间均没有显著变化(P0.05)。3)储存时间对蒸汽压片玉米的脂肪酸值存在极显著的影响(P0.01),高阻隔膜组蒸汽压片玉米的脂肪酸值增长最为缓慢,储存至56 d时其脂肪酸值为10.54 mg/kg。4)在储存期间,蒸汽压片玉米的AFB1、ZEA含量随储存时间延长呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),各组呕吐毒素含量没有显著差异(P0.05);储存至56 d时,未密封普通隔膜组、密封普通隔膜组、高阻隔膜组的AFB1、ZEA和DON含量分别为1.03、0.73、0.01μg/L,181.13、170.49、148.19μg/L和1.23、1.23、1.20μg/m L。由此可见,高性能阻隔膜能够有效抑制霉菌生长,延缓脂肪酸败,使新制蒸汽压片玉米安全储存至56 d。     

植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油,本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照,以柑橘木虱为试虫,分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用,其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强,可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用,拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上,植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果,可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

浅论优质牧草在肉牛饲养中的利用

针对我国肉牛饲养在饲料利用中的误区,结合肉牛的消化及代谢特点,分析了牧草的鲜喂、青贮、干草饲喂以及综合利用4种不同的利用方式及其营养特点,指出优质牧草用于肉牛饲养能充分发挥牧草的优良特性,而且符合我国畜牧业发展要求,值得广泛推广.     

现代集约化肉羊业主要关键技术研究与应用

专门化肉用种羊选定、引进后，通过适应性研究，在较大规模养羊业生产实践中。对现代集约化肉羊业的主要关键技术进行研究、完善和创新，组装集成并应用于生产。技术研究应用结果既为市场提供了大批专门化肉用种羊和优质安全的杂种肉羊，取得了高水平的研究成果及显著的经济效益和社会效益．又为我国目前正在迅速发展的集约化肉羊业提供了可靠的技术支持和理想的生产模式：从适宜的专门化肉羊品种到运用高效母羊快速扩繁技术．建立和完善有效的肉羊杂交利用体系，普遍应用种羊鲜、冻精生产大批肉用杂种羔羊，种植高产优质饲草及其科学加工调制和利用．建立严格兽医防疫制度．实行放牧 补饲或全舍饲的精细管理和集约化育肥，至生产优质、安全、标准肉羊，获得显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

禽大肠杆菌高密度发酵与溶氧关系的研究

利用GUJS—10C小型发酵罐分批培养禽大肠杆菌，通过平板计数、比浊计数的方法，对大肠杆菌高密度发酵中细菌生长与溶氧的关系进行分析。结果表明：溶氧的规律性变化能够反映大肠杆菌生长的规律，即在细菌生长的适应期细菌数量较少，耗氧量少，溶氧曲线最高；随着发酵时间的增加，细菌不断增多，耗氧量也随之增加，溶氧曲线下降；达到对数生长期，曲线最低；进入稳定期，曲线趋于平稳；到发酵后期，细菌进入衰老期，溶氧曲线略有上升，这时可终止发酵。     

Effect of dietary nutmeg oil on heat‐stress tolerance‐related parameters in Korean native chicken reared under hot temperature

This study investigated the effect of dietary nutmeg oil (NO) on growth performance, blood parameters, lipid peroxidation and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Korean native chicken (KNC) reared under hot temperature. We allocated 273 meat‐type KNCs (Hanhyup‐3, 4‐week‐old, body weight [BW] = 539.93 ± 1.75 g) to the following three treatments with seven replicate pens (13 birds/pen) per treatment. Three treatment diets were as follows: (a) Control, basal diet without NO supplementation; (b) NO 250; and (c) NO 500, basal diet supplemented with 250 and 500 ppm NO respectively. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6‐week feeding trial. During overall period (0–6 weeks), no differences (p > 0.05) were observed in BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) among treatments. However, the FI at 0–3 weeks decreased (p < 0.05) quadratically with increasing NO levels. Most blood parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments, although the monocyte level of the NO 500 group was considerably lower (p > 0.05) than that of the other groups. Furthermore, dietary NO did not affect serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p > 0.05); however, it linearly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and heart MDA concentration was lower (p = 0.08) with increasing dietary NO supplementation. After a 3‐hr heat (35°C) challenge, the rectal temperature (RT) reduced (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing NO levels. Dietary NO did not affect liver HSP70 (p > 0.05) gene expression. In conclusion, NO potentially enhanced the ability of chickens to alleviate heat stress. Furthermore, our findings suggest that lipid oxidation inhibition by dietary NO likely mediated the enhanced heat‐stress tolerance of the chickens.     

祁连山中段退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征

为探究祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落分布特征,采用Illumina HiSeq PE250高通量测序平台对轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤细菌群落变化特征进行研究,并对土壤细菌群落与土壤酶活性、土壤理化因子间关系进行分析。结果表明:随着退化程度加剧,植被盖度、高度、地上生物量和多样性指数均明显降低(P<0.05);土壤理化性质和酶活性变化各异且差异显著(P<0.05)。高通量测序共得到257971条有效序列,219017条优质序列和2004个OTUs。细菌群落丰富度指数依次为轻度>中度>重度,多样性指数为轻度>重度>中度,Beta多样性分析表明各样地间差异为轻度>重度>中度。其中,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌门,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占77.25%、84.27%和78.66%;乳球菌属为3种退化草地土壤的优势菌属,在轻度、中度和重度退化草地土壤中分别占14.29%、38.84%和7.39%。冗余分析表明:土壤酶活性和土壤理化性质均对细菌群落的组成具有影响,其中土壤pH是影响土壤细菌群落分布的主要驱动因子。祁连山中段不同退化高寒草地土壤细菌群落的变化主要受土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。     

补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响。选择 ３～７岁的健康泌乳母驴 ３４头,设 Ａ（１２头）、Ｂ（１０头）和 Ｃ（１２头）３个区,共 ５个处理。所有驴饲喂基础饲粮。每个区均设对照组,各试验组驴分别补饲粗蛋白质水平为 ３１．４４％（试验 １组,Ａ区,４头）、粗脂肪水平为 ２５．７７％［２０％棉籽油（试验 ２组,Ａ区,４头）、２０％葵花籽油（试验 ３组,Ｂ区,５头）、２０％菜籽油（试验 ４组,Ｃ区,６头）］的试验精饲料 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ。预试期 １４ｄ,正试期１４ｄ。结果表明：１）除含 ２０％葵花籽油的试验精饲料外,其余试验精饲料采食量（＞１３００ｇ／ｄ）均达到预期的采食量,且未出现消化异常,表明所用精饲料适口性较好,驴对它们有较好的适应性;２）补饲含 ２０％棉籽油和含 ２０％菜籽油的试验精饲料均显著提高了驴日均产乳量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,驴日均产乳量可达 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ,而日均总泌乳量可达 ４ｋｇ／ｄ;３）补饲不同试验精饲料对乳成分无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,驴乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、粗灰分含量较稳定,而乳脂含量变化非常大。总之,补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪的精饲料可提高驴产乳量,但对乳成分的影响不明显。     

Evaluation of the Feeding Value of Palm Press Fibre Using In Vitro Digestibility Techniques

Palm press fibre (PPF) was obtained from two sources, a small-scale oil palm processing unit and a large-scale factory processing unit, and its chemical composition was determined. In vitro digestibility techniques were used to assess the feeding value of untreated, defatted and sodium hydroxide-treated PPF. For the NaOH treatment, 0.5 g oven-dried PPF was treated for 24 h with 5% NaOH in three ways: treated and not washed (NaNW); treated and washed (NaW); and treated after milling (NAD).The results indicate that, on a dry matter basis, PPF is low in nitrogen (12–13 g/kg), moisture (37–90 g/kg) and ash (53–62 g/kg), but high in ether extract (269–355 g/kg), neutral detergent fibre (532–768 g/kg), acid detergent fibre (375–548 g/kg) and lignin (219 g/kg). The in vitro dry matter digestibility values were low for the samples from both sources, but the large-scale factory-processed PPF had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (0.215 vs 0.166) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (0.196 vs 0.145). Defatting the PPF and treating it with 5% NaOH solution significantly (p<0.01) improved both the dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Washing the NaOH-treated PPF resulted in a higher digestibility of dry matter as against NaNW or NAD. These results suggest that defatting and treatment with 5% NaOH would improve the feeding value of PPF.