Intercalation of the herbicide atrazine in layered double hydroxides for controlled-release applications

BACKGROUND: The herbicide atrazine was intercalated in the interlayer region of Mg/Al layered double hydroxides in order to produce a nanohybrid that could be used in controlled‐release applications. RESULTS: The hydrophobic herbicide was incorporated in artificial membranes formed in the interlayer of the inorganic host by using palmitic acid. The synthetic nanohybrid material was characterised by various techniques, and release studies were carried out. In addition, the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. was treated with the atrazine‐containing nanohybrid, which exerted an herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free herbicide. CONCLUSION: The herbicide containing nanohybrid could enable a controlled release of the herbicide. In addition, the herbicide would be delivered close to its site of uptake, enhancing efficiency and reducing the required doses. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同除草剂对玉米田杂草的防治效果研究

针对玉米生产上利用的五种除草剂的除草效果进行研究,结果表明:45%速.乙可湿性粉剂的株防效达93.3%,鲜重防效达96.1%,28%2,4-D.乙.莠悬浮剂的株防效为92.2%,鲜重防效为94.5%,而45%百.禾可湿性粉剂的鲜重防效为94.9%,略高于28%2,4-D.乙.莠悬浮剂,但株防效为90.7%,效果一般的是50%乙.二.扑乳油,效果不理想的是生产上大面积应用的2,4-D二甲铵盐水剂。     

75%咪唑乙烟酸可溶粉大豆田苗前封闭除草田间药效及安全性试验

田间试验结果表明,75%咪唑乙烟酸可溶粉用药量为5.5~11 g/667 m2,喷液量为30 kg/667 m2,此用药量和喷液量用于大豆田苗前封闭除草,可有效控制大豆田整个生育期杂草。特别对苣荬菜、藜、苋、刺菜有显著防效,对稗草、铁苋菜有理想的防除和控制作用。对大豆安全无药害产生,对大豆后期生长和产量不但无不良影响,而且在株高等方面还有一定的促进作用。     

2,4-D丁酯和氟草烟防治草坪假芫荽的试验

就2，4-D丁酯和氟草烟对草坪假芫荽(Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)的毒杀活性和田间药效进行了研究，结果表明，用药处理后7d，2，4-D丁酯和氟草烟对假芫荽的EC50分别为249．42和106．19mg／L．处理后14d，两者的EC50分别为150．95和76．34mg／L；处理后30d，0．15、0．12和0．09ml／m^2的2，4-D丁酯对假芫荽的防治效果分别为97．90％、93．79％和82．65％；0．09、0．075和0．06mL／m^2的氟草烟对假芫荽的防治效果分别为96．83％，90．85％和79．05％。     

西宁地区草坪阔叶杂草防除试验

于2001和2003年4-6月对西宁地区草坪阔叶杂草进行了除草剂药效试验。结果表明,5种药剂试验处理中,72%2,4-D丁酯与48%百草敌药效最好,防效分别为89.8%和87.9%,75%杜邦巨星药效较好,防效为85.2%,药效较差的是10%甲磺隆,防效为52.9%,25%氯磺隆药效最差,防效为37.6%。浓度筛选试验中,72%2,4-D丁酯400倍液与500倍液药效最好,防效分别为97.5%和96.7%,48%百草敌1 000倍液与1 300倍液防效分别为92.9%和92.3%,药效较好,75%杜邦巨星10 000倍液药效较差,防效为87.9%,其中以72%2,4-D丁酯500倍液的防除成本最低,其次是48%百草敌1 300倍液,防除成本最高的是75%杜邦巨星10 000倍液,从防除效果和成本2方面综合考虑,72%2,4-D丁酯为西宁地区防除草坪阔叶杂草较理想的除草剂,田间推荐剂量为500倍液。     

茎叶除草剂对刺萼龙葵的防治效果评价

采用茎叶喷雾法评价了7种防除阔叶杂草的除草剂对野外5～7叶期刺萼龙葵的防除效果。药后30d调查结果表明,7种除草剂对刺萼龙葵的生长均有一定的抑制作用,不同药剂对刺萼龙葵的防效差异显著。防除刺萼龙葵较好的药剂有48%三氯吡氧乙酸乳油、24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油,试验剂量下对刺萼龙葵的鲜重防效均在85%以上,25%氟磺胺草醚水剂对刺萼龙葵的防效较差。三氯吡氧乙酸、氨氯吡啶酸和氯氟吡氧乙酸能够有效防治刺萼龙葵,根据药剂的不同特性,探讨了在不同入侵地的应用可能性。     

一株银杏内生真菌的鉴定及其活性代谢产物研究

药用植物内生真菌是一类重要的微生物资源,能代谢产生多种生物活性物质,本研究从浙江天目山自然保护区银杏Ginkgo biloba中分离获得1株活性菌株TMSF169。通过形态学和ITS rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为团青霉Penicillium commune。发酵粗提物采用正相硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析,以紫外光或碘蒸汽显迹,配合活性追踪,从菌株TMSF169发酵液中分离获得1个具抗真菌及除草活性的化合物TMSF169A,通过质谱和核磁共振波谱等技术将其结构鉴定为圆弧菌醛酸（cyclopaldic acid）。活性测试表明,该化合物具有抗菌活性,对鸭跖草Commelina communis,反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus,马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides、水稻Oryza sativa等植物均具有致病毒性,对芝麻Sesamum indicum和大豆Glycine max不敏感。结果显示菌株TMSF169具有较好的开发应用价值。     

A perspective on the role of quantitative structure-activity and structure-property relationships in herbicide discovery

BACKGROUND: For the last 15 years the agrochemical industry has focused on using genetic modification to put genes that confer resistance to existing commercial herbicides into crop plants rather than on discovering new herbicides with novel modes of action. The widespread appearance of weeds resistant to those herbicides is now causing the industry to revive their herbicide discovery programs. RESULTS: Elucidation of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) played a major role in the discovery and development of existing commercial herbicides, but the advent of genetically modified crops has caused published work (at least) in the area to drift from the industrial arena into academic studies. The focus has also turned inward, to refining models for established herbicide targets instead of elucidating new ones. CONCLUSION: This perspective highlights the importance of QSARs and quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPRs) to herbicide discovery in an historical context and provides some guidance as to how they might profitably be applied going forward. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry