生草覆盖对红巴梨采后果实主要营养成分变化及重金属元素含量的影响

研究了梨园行间生草覆盖处理对红巴梨果实采后主要营养成分及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,在生草覆盖栽培条件下,红巴梨果实在日平均气温为15～23℃,日平均相对湿度42%～76%的室温环境下贮藏,最佳食用期在第9天。红巴梨采后果实的主要营养成分变化:可溶性固形物的含量在第9天达到最高,峰值为14.27%;还原糖在贮藏的15 d内呈"S"曲线变化,最低值出现在第6天,为7.59%,最高值出现在第12天,为9.22%,随后急剧下降;可溶性总糖从采收后一直处于下降趋势;Vc含量呈双"S"曲线变化,具有先升后降再升再降的变化趋势;粗蛋白含量呈"S"曲线变化,具有先升后降再升的变化趋势,贮藏第9天达到第1个高峰,其含量为258.75 mg/100 g;果实中的7个重金属元素含量均低于绿色鲜梨果(NY/T 423—2000)的要求标准,对重金属元素Cu和Zn的吸收能力强于红香酥和雪花梨。     

离子强度和磷酸盐对铁铝矿物及土壤吸附As（V）的影响

选用针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿、水铝矿4种铁铝矿物以及性质差异较大的黑土、紫色土和红壤3种土壤,研究离子强度和磷酸盐对其吸附As(V)的影响。结果表明,在0.01、0.1、1mol.L-13种离子强度下,矿物和土壤对As(V)的吸附量无明显差异或随离子强度增大而增大,其对砷的吸附以专性吸附为主。磷酸盐对矿物和土壤吸附砷的影响与其添加顺序及摩尔浓度比有关。水铝矿和水铁矿在这3种添加顺序下的砷吸附量无明显差异,仅在P/As摩尔比较大时表现出下降趋势;而在针铁矿和赤铁矿两种矿物上,先添加砷时的砷吸附量高于先添加磷时或两者同时添加时,且砷吸附量随P/As摩尔比的增加而逐渐下降。在黑土、紫色土和红壤上,先添加砷比先添加磷或两者同时添加时的砷吸附量均要高,尤其是在紫色土上。随P/As摩尔比升高,土壤对砷的吸附量表现出下降趋势。     

Leaf litterfall concentrations and fluxes of elements in deciduous tree species

The influence of tree species and soil properties on leaf litterfall concentrations and fluxes of elements were studied in three mixed deciduous forest stands. Leaf litterfall fluxes of sixteen elements were measured during autumn defoliation in 100 to 150 yr old individuals of Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill, and Acer platanoides L. Compared to throughfall and precipitation, leaf litterfall dominated the flux of P, Ca, Mn, N and Mg (in decreasing order) to the soil below the tree canopies. For K and especially S and Na, however, the importance of leaf litterfall input to the total fluxes was small. Fluxes and especially concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P and partly N were positively related to base saturation of the soil, while Mn was negatively related due to a higher mobilization rate and plant uptake of this element on acid soils. Litterfall fluxes for C. betulus were strongly positively influenced by base saturation and fluxes were usually higher than for F. sylvatica and Q. robur at the richest site. Quercus robur had often the lowest fluxes, especially of Ca and Mg. Tilia cordata had the highest leaf litter concentrations in twelve of the sixteen elements, and the highest fluxes particularly of N and K. Acer platanoides had the highest or among the highest concentrations and fluxes of Ca, Zn and Mn. The concentration of Al in C. betulus leaf litterfall, was about five times higher than in all other tree species at all sites.     

青海可可西里国家自然保护区草地牧草营养成分测定

测定了可可西里国家级自然保护区内紫花针茅草地型和高山嵩草草地型牧草,冷季9月份和4月份营养成分。结果表明,各种牧草营养成分含量随种类不同和生长季节迁移而呈现一定差异;9月份两类草地型牧草DM,CP,EE,NDF,ADF,ADL,Ash,Ca和P平均含量分别为92.20%和90.42%,5.40%和5.98%,2.90%和3.06%,48.30%和44.3%,41.40%和34.36%,3.68%和6.52%,18.85%和8.28%,1.43%和1.25%,0.38%和0.47%;4月份两类草地型牧草DM,CP,EE,NDF,ADF,ADL,Ash,Ca和P平均含量分别为94.33%和93.75%,3.69%和5.85%,1.52%和2.32%,66.82%和61.88%,47.14%和43.32%,9.14%和8.53%,13.48%和13.47%,1.38%和1.16%,0.38%和0.36%;紫花针茅草地型和高山嵩草草地型牧草CP平均含量9月份较4月份分别高出46.8%和35.5%,NDF,ADF和ADL分别降低了27.71%和28.41%,11.95%和20.68%,59.63%和23.33%;就营养品质而言,高山嵩草草地型牧草优于紫花针茅草地型牧草。     

不同类型添加材料在新型肥料生产中的应用

就目前新型肥料研制过程中所选用的添加材料或包膜材料进行了归类划分,并对高表面活性矿物、高分子聚合物、抑制剂等材料的化学性质、与肥料养分离子相互作用机理等进行了分析和阐述。分析了不同材料对肥料的溶出速率或释放速率的影响,从提高营养元素有效性和生态环境建设方面讨论了这些材料的应用前景。     

不同施氮量对天然草场牧草产量影响

采用不同施氮量作用于天然草场，研究了草地施肥与牧草产量的关系，通过测定施肥试验的各项参数，确定了干草原类草场产草量和经济效益最佳的施肥方案，最佳施肥量为450kg/hm^2，同时建立了施肥量与牧草产量间的回归方程。     

Grassland research priorities: Ideas for the future

Abstract

Four levels of available dry matter (DM) were maintained on a continuously grazed irrigated Midmar Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture by means of a “put‐and‐take” grazing procedure. The pasture was stocked with three successive sets of weaned lambs in winter, spring and early summer respectively. The relation between average daily gains (ADG) and available DM was positively linear At equivalent levels of available DM, gains were greater in spring than in either the winter and summer periods (P ≤0,01), but there were no differences in gains between winter and summer. There was a negative linear relation between average stocking rate (the rate required to achieve a given level of herbage availability) and available DM. Stocking rates in spring and summer were not significantly different, but both were higher (P≤0,01) than those in winter. Within the range of the differential treatments applied, relations between stocking rate and ADG were negatively linear, and there was an interactive effect (P≤0,01) between stocking rate and grazing period. Changes in ADG with a unit change in stocking rate were greatest in winter, intermediate in summer and least in spring. Gains/ha were curvilinearly related to available DM. The curves indicate that the amounts of available DM required for maximum gains/ha were least in spring, intermediate in summer and greatest in winter.

From a serial cutting trial conducted concurrently with the grazing, a growth rate curve was developed for Midmar ryegrass. This curve had two maxima, with the maximum growth rate in spring being more than double that in autumn. The in vitro digestible organic matter content and crude protein content decreased from 80,6% and 24,1% in autumn to 63,1% and 10,6%, respectively, in summer. Crude fibre content increased from 10,1 % in autumn to 30,1 % in summer.     

Growth patterns of Italian ryegrass cultivars established in different seasons

Abstract

A comparison is made between various Italian ryegrass cultivars established under irrigation on a well‐drained upland site during the traditional autumn months, with plantings of the same cultivars at other times of the year.

The dates on which pastures could be utilized for the first time, their relative growth patterns as well as weed infestation, flowering behaviour and persistency, were investigated. Some herbage quality determinations were also made.

February plantings are considered the most favourable for maximum late autumn, winter and spring production. First utilization following late autumn/winter plantings is, however, delayed considerably with the onset of cold weather. Late winter/early spring plantings, on the other hand, delay flowering for up to 16 months and the biennial growth pattern indicates vigorous growth immediately after planting, the possibility of variable late summer production followed by extremely poor autumn and winter production. This casts serious doubt on the merit of such a practice at the total exclusion of the traditional autumn plantings. Summer weed infestation from such spring plantings also gave cause for concern.     

Experimental studies on the impact of an increased dose of anionic salts on the metabolism of dairy cows

Summary

This study was initiated to investigate the influence of a daily dose of anionic salts (AS) above the valid upper limit at present on metabolism of dairy cows. Eleven non‐pregnant and non‐lactating Holstein‐Friesian crossbred cows with a permanent rumen cannula were used in a study with a controlled feeding design. The initial daily dose was 2500 meq/day, which resulted in a Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) of ‐211 meq/kg dry matter. Every seven days, the daily dose was raised by 500 meq. If a cow stopped eating, the application of AS was stopped and these cows were monitored over the next seven days. On day 30 another batch of hay, having the same DCAD but higher concentrations of minerals and energy, was fed. Blood and urine samples were taken to monitor acid‐base balance and calcium concentrations. Acid‐base balance was strongly influenced by AS. Blood pH dropped steadily and reached values around 7.23. Urine pH dropped quickly below 6 and remained at that level regardless of the increased dosage of AS. Net acid base excretion (NABE) fell continuously with the increase of the dosage of AS and reached values below ‐200 mmol/l. Calcium concentrations in the serum were nearly stable, but those in urine increased sharply and remained on an elevated level with increasing doses of AS. A few days before the individual cow's refusal of feed intake, calcium excretion in urine decreased. The majority of cows stopped eating while consuming a diet containing 3500 to 4000 meq AS except two animals who consumed up to 6000 meq/day AS but they received the better hay in the second half of the treatment period. In this time pH in blood increased slowly. NABE remained stable on a low level at ‐100 mmol/l. The results showed that with an increasing amount of AS fed the risk of clinical acidosis increased. The decreasing urine concentrations of calcium indicate a breakdown of the compensation capability of the single cow. Besides the dose of AS fed, the quality of the feed stuff might be another factor concerning the tolerance of cows against AS.     

20～35kg杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔钙、钠、钾和镁生长需要量

本试验旨在探讨20 ～ 35 kg杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代杂交公羔羊钙、钠、钾、镁生长需要量.采用比较屠宰试验,分别在羔羊体重20、28和35kg时屠宰,测定动物体组织器官的钙、钠、钾、镁含量,建立数学模型对体内矿物质含量变化规律及需要量进行预测.结果显示,羔羊在20 ～ 35kg体重阶段,肌肉生长速度较稳定,骨骼生长速度逐渐减慢,而体内脂肪组织在迅速增加;羔羊体内矿物质含量与空腹体重(EBW)具有高度相关性(R2=0.84 ～0.98),钙、钠、钾、镁净生长需要量(NRG)预测公式分别为NRGca=15.26EBW-0.171,NRGNa=1.67EBW-0.085,NRGK=1.94EBW0.023和NRGMg=0.34EBW0.051.由此可计算得出,杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代羔羊在20～35kg阶段,以空腹体增重(EBG)表示,机体钙、钠、钾、镁的NRG分别为8.56 ～9.36 g/kg EBG、1.15 ～ 1.20 g/kg EBG、2.07～2.09 g/kg EBG和0.39 ～ 0.40 g/kg EBG;以体增重(BWG)表示,分别为7.18～8.18 g/kg BWG、0.96 ～ 1.05 g/kg BWG、1.76～1.81 g/kgBWG和0.34 g/kg BWG.