Investigation of soils developed on volcanic materials in Nisyros Island, Greece

Soils that are forming on volcanic parent materials have unique physical and chemical properties and in most cases, on wet and humid climates, are classified as Andisols. The main purpose of this study is to examine if the soils that are forming on volcanic materials under a dry Mediterranean climate, in Nisyros Island (Greece), meet the requirements to be classified as Andisols. Soils from seven sites were sampled and examined for their main physico-chemical properties and selective dissolution analysis. Dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) extractable Al and Fe (Ál_d, Fe_d), acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al, Fe, and Si (Ál_o, Fe_o and Si_o), and sodium pyrophosphate extractable Al and Fe (Al_p, Fe_p) were measured. In addition, Al and Si were determined after reaction with hot 0.5 M NaOH, (Al_NaOH and Si_NaOH) and with Tiron-(C₆H₄Na₂O₈S₂), (Al_T and Si_T). P-retention was also measured. The soils are characterised by coarse texture, low organic matter content, low values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), and high pH values. Values of Si_o, Al_o and Fe_o are less than 0.022%, 0.09% and 0.35% respectively, highlighting the lack of noncrystalline components. The ratio (Fe_d–Fe_o)100/Fe_d is quite high expressing the degree of crystallisation of free iron oxides. For all samples tested, values of the Al_o + 1/2Fe_o index are extremely low (< 0.24%). High Si_NaOH and Si_T (arising 2.76% and 2.18% respectively) indicate the presence of silica in amorphous forms. P-retention values are very low (< 12.6%). The results indicated the absence of noncrystalline minerals except for amorphous silica, and do not exhibit andic or vitric soil characteristics to be classified as Andisols.     

Effects of rainwater harvesting on herbage diversity and productivity in degraded Aravalli hills in western India

Over-exploitation and rural growth have severely damaged native vegetations of Aravalli hills in Rajasthan, India. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different restoration practices (i.e., rainwater harvesting (RWH) and planting of tree seedlings) on improve- ment in soil water and nutrients and growth and biomass of herbaceous vegetation. Contour trench (CT), Gradonie (G), Box trench (BT), V-ditch (VD) and a control were imposed on 75 plots (each of 700 m 2 ) in natural slope gradient defined as <10%, 10% 20% and >20% slopes in 2005. Each plot had three micro-sites of 1-m 2 at up (USP), middle (MSP) and lower (LSP) part of the plot for observation in 2008. The existed gradient (due to soil texture and topographic features) of soil pH, EC, SOC, NH 4 - N, NO 3 -N and PO 4 -P in June 2005 between >20% to <10% slopes were decreased in 2008 after applying RWH techniques. Such improvement in soil status promoted vegetation growth and biomass in higher slope gra- dients. Soil water, species diversity and herbage biomass increased from USP to LSP, and RWH techniques had positive role in improving SOC, nutrients, vegetation population, evenness and growth at MSP. Despite of lowest SWC, regular rain and greater soil water usage enhanced green and dry herbage biomasses in 10% 20% and >20% slopes, compared with <10% slope. The highest diversity in CT treatment was related to herbage biomass, which was enhanced further by highest concentrations of SOC and PO 4 -P. Further, CT treatment was found to be the best treat- ment in minimizing biomass variance in different slopes. Conclusively, soil texture and topographic features controlled soil water and nutrients availability. Rainwater harvesting techniques increased soil water storage and nutrient retention and also enhanced vegetation status and biomass by minimizing the effects of hillslopes. Thus depending upon the site conditions, suitable RWH technique could be adopted to increase herb- age biomass while rehabilitating the degraded hills.     

有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

固定态铵的含量及中国某些耕地土壤NH4+的固定能力

Fixed ammonium contents and NH4^ fixation capacities of some representative cultivated solis collected from 16 provinces of China were studied.Results showed that the contents of fixed ammonium in soils ranged from 35 to 573 mg N kg^-1,with an average of 198mg Nkg^-1.The content of fixed ammonium correlated very significantly with mica content for tropical and subtropical soils,whereas this was not the case for soils in the temperate zone.At the end of K-exhausting experiment the fixed ammonium content increased in most soils studied.However,it decreased in smom temperate soils.Generally,fixation of added NH4^ could not be found either before or after K-exhausting experiment for highly weathered soils,including tropical soils and soils derived from granite-gneiss or Quaternary red clays in the subtropic zone,while for most soils in the Yangtze River dalta the NH4^ fixation capacity was rather high and increased significantly in the K-exhausted soils.     

手扶式山地牧草收割机总体设计与效益分析

通过理论分析和田间试验,对手扶式山地牧草收割机的工作原理、结构特点、技术参数及经济效益进行了分析.该机结构简单,回转半径小,耗油低,整机通过性好,经济效益显著,可实现山地、梯田、套种田等地段的牧草收割.     

黄土高原不同立地条件下的植被营建技术模式及天然草本植物资源利用探讨

通过实地踏查、调研和大量资料分析,综合运用生态学、景观生态学、区域发展与规划以及水土保持学等多学科理论,结合退耕还林还草与经济发展的客观实际,构建了黄土高原不同立地条件下的植被营建技术模式。同时,提出开发利用相应立地条件下天然草地的优势种和主要伴生种,以丰富扩大植被建设所需的植物材料。     

砂姜黑土的粘粒矿物组成和蒙皂石来源的探讨

对不同地区的几个砂姜黑土剖面的粘粒矿物进行了 X 射线衍射分析,结果表明均以蒙皂石为主,其次为伊利石,高岭石和蛭石含量较少,仅山东高密的砂姜黑土削面含少量绿泥石。这与毗邻土壤类型迥然不同。对黑土层石英砂的 SEM 观察表明,砂姜黑土的母质均为洪(冲)积-湖沼沉积型。笔者认为,砂姜黑土中高含量的蒙皂石主要系流水悬浮而来,在湖泊静水环境中沉淀富集而成,其来源范围比粗骨颗粒部分更广泛。     

人工合成氧化铁矿物对土壤光谱特性的影响

通过化学合成和去除技术与光谱测定技术,研究了人工合成氧化铁矿物对土壤的反射光谱特性的影响,结果表明,添加人工合成针铁矿后土壤的光谱反射曲线在350~600 nm和840~1100 nm波段有明显的吸收谷,含不同比例人工合成针铁矿的土壤光谱反射率之差的最大值出现在418 nm处,另外在932 nm处也有一个比较大的差值。添加人工合成水铁矿后土壤的光谱反射曲线在450~720 nm和860~1400 nm波段有明显的吸收谷,另外在1900 nm处也有较明显的差异,含不同比例人工合成水铁矿的土壤光谱反射率之差的最大值出现在551 nm处,另外在946 nm处和1900 nm处也有比较大的差值。添加人工合成赤铁矿后土壤的光谱反射曲线在450~720 nm和860~1400 nm波段有明显的吸收谷,含不同比例人工合成赤铁矿的土壤光谱反射率之差的最大值出现在517 nm处,另外在916 nm处也有比较大的差值。     

草甸草原牧草贮藏养分积累与消耗规律的研究

１９９２年４～９月在内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟草甸草原上，选择１５种牧草进行了牧草贮藏养分积累与消耗规律的研究。采用３．５－二硝基水杨酸比色法对野外采集的样品进行贮藏碳水化合物的定量分析。试验结果表明，双子叶植物贮藏碳水化合物含量的季节变化呈Ｕ型曲线，而禾本科植物的一般为双峰或多峰型曲线。根据试验结果，作者指出了该草地类型放牧利用的适宜时期。     

中华绒螯蟹中微量元素的分布及评估

研究了中华绒螯蟹中K、Na、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和Cr等微量元素在身体肌肉、螯足肌肉、鳃丝、性腺和肝胰脏中的分布状况,以及雄蟹和雌蟹的差异,并对中华绒螯蟹微量元素的营养价值和重金属污染的情况进行了评价。结果表明,中华绒螯蟹中K、Na含量最高,Fe、Zn、Cu次之,Cd、Pb、Cr最低。同一元素在不同部位的分布有较明显的差异,鳃丝中各种微量元素的含量都较高。多数微量元素的含量在雌雄蟹各部位之间没有明显的差异,但性腺中Cd、Cu、Na、K和Cr的含量有明显的差异,其中Cr在雌蟹和雄蟹肌肉中的含量也有明显的差异。中华绒螯蟹是K、Na、Fe、Zn、Cu等微量元素的良好食品来源,但Pb、Cd污染情况较为严重。