陕西省南部地区土壤粘粒特性研究

陕西南部土壤粘粒特性的研究发现,陕西省南部北亚热带湿润地区,发育在第四纪下蜀黄土母质上的土壤粘粒含量高,粘化层不明显,粘土矿物以伊利石和蒙脱石为主,粘粒铁富集明显;发育在基岩风化物母质上的土壤粘化层明显,粘土矿物以蒙脱石、蛭石为主,且有一定量的高岭石,粘粒中铝富集强烈。中山区暖温带湿润地区的土壤,粘粒含量较低,粘土矿物以伊利石、绿泥石为主,粘粒中铁、铝富集均不明显,元素的淋溶迁移较弱。     

伊克昭盟牧草和饲料作物应用增产菌技术的试验

199年伊克昭盟引入了牧草和饲料作物增产菌这一技术,经过7年的试验,示范及推广,至今全盟该增产菌应用面积已达4．04万hm^2,本文通过7年来在两种不同生境下,对12种牧草及作物的不同物修期采用不同方法施用增产菌,以鲜草产量和种子产量为衡量标准来探讨增产菌对不同牧草及作物的增产效果,实验结果表明：增产菌技术的应用,促进了植物的生长,使植株长高,叶面积增大,加强了光合作用,在提高鲜草产量的同时也增加了籽实的产量,具有较强的推广价值,是一项在农牧区适用的增产技术。     

聚乙二醇引发对几种牧草种子发芽率和活力的影响

应用聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）引发法探讨了不同引发渗透势、时间处理对无芒雀麦、苏丹草、沙打旺、小冠花、紫花芷蓿等牧草种子萌发和活力和有性在适宜处理下供试种子发芽速度、发芽率及活力指数分别显著高于对照;ＰＥＧ的引发作用还表现为提高活力效应大于提高发芽率效应,学表明,低渗透势（－０．１、－１．２、－１．５ＭＰａ）引发处理对提高发芽率无作用;但处子早期萌发的效应对于沙打旺和小冠花种子的２仍很强烈,对苏丹草种子则     

Preparation of Extruded Snacks with Flavored Flour Obtained from the Carcasses of Nile Tilapia: Physicochemical,Sensory, and Microbiological Analysis

This study aimed to develop extruded snacks including flour obtained from Nile tilápia carcasses, and then evaluate the chemical composition, colorimetry, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and microbiology. There was a significant increase in the levels of crude protein, ether extract, ash, and minerals, as well as a reduction in carbohydrates as more flour was included in the snacks. Increased levels of flavored flour caused reduction in the brightness of snacks. Oxidative rancidity was not detected in snacks. The inclusion of flour improved the nutritional value of extruded snacks without changing sensory characteristics. Microbiologically, the snacks are suitable for human consumption.     

矿物基蚯蚓粪表面特征及其对土壤Cd钝化能力的研究

针对农田土壤镉（Cd）活性高的问题,以寻求具有良好重金属钝化特性的原位修复材料为目标,该研究以铁粉、磷矿粉和牛粪混合蚯蚓堆肥所制备的矿物基蚯蚓粪为研究对象,利用系列结构表征手段对其进行基本性质表征,并进一步分析矿物基蚯蚓粪施加下土壤对Cd吸附、有效性和赋存形态的影响,最终筛选出具有良好Cd钝化效果的矿物基蚯蚓粪。结果表明,铁粉及磷矿粉的添加使矿物基蚯蚓粪中的pH值、C/N、有机质含量有所降低,但总养分含量显著增加（P<0.05）。比表面积及孔隙度、扫描电镜分析和X射线能谱分析结果表明,矿物质的添加增大了蚯蚓粪比表面积和孔容,改变了蚯蚓粪中矿物元素的占比。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析表明,矿物基蚯蚓粪中醇或羧酸类、芳香类以及多糖类物质增多,脂类和碳水化合物减少。X射线衍射分析表明,添加铁粉及磷矿粉制备出来的矿物基蚯蚓粪增加了磷酸盐、纳米零价铁等矿物组分。土壤培养和吸附解吸试验表明,施加矿物基蚯蚓粪显著提升了土壤对Cd的吸附强度,降低了对Cd的解吸率,其中以牛粪+20%铁粉+20%磷矿粉（VCFe+P）进行蚯蚓堆肥所获得的矿物基蚯蚓粪处理的土壤对Cd的吸附效果最佳,较施加纯蚯蚓粪的土壤吸附...     

野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉营养品质的比较分析

对黑斑蛙肌肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素进行测定,旨在比较分析野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉的营养品质。试验结果表明,养殖黑斑蛙肌肉粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量高于野生黑斑蛙,水分含量则低于野生黑斑蛙,但两者间差异不显著( P >0.05);野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉除谷氨酸和酪氨酸外的氨基酸含量均无显著性差异( P >0.05);野生黑斑蛙肌肉的总氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量高于养殖黑斑蛙。根据氨基酸评分和化学评分结果,野生和养殖黑斑蛙肌肉中赖氨酸含量相对较高,第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为70.25和72.42。野生黑斑蛙饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于养殖黑斑蛙( P <0.05),而养殖黑斑蛙肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量均高于野生黑斑蛙( P >0.05)。野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉14种矿物元素中,锌、铝和硒含量有显著差异( P <0.05),重金属元素(砷、镉、铅)含量均在限量范围以内。由此可知,养殖黑斑蛙营养组成价值接近于野生黑斑蛙。     

Effect of residence time on the kinetics of nonexchangeable ammonium release from illite and vermiculite

The fraction of nonexchangeable ammonium (NH₄⁺) can play an important role in N cycling of soils as a sink (fixation) or a source (release) of NH₄⁺. Recently fixed nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ especially seems to be a significant source for N release. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of residence time on the kinetics of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release from illite and vermiculite. Calcium-saturated illite and vermiculite, containing NH₄⁺ that was “fixed” for one and 60 d, were extracted with a H-resin for 0.25 to 384 h. Both clay minerals “fixed” significantly more NH₄⁺ in 60 d than in 1 d, but vermiculite “fixed” more NH₄⁺ than illite. The kinetics of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release from illite and vermiculite were well described by the Elovich equation and by a heterogeneous diffusion model. In vermiculite the percentage of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release decreased from 84% to 78% when the time of fixation increased from 1 to 60 d. In illite time of residence has not influenced the complete release of newly fixed NH₄⁺.     

天然有机质和金属离子在矿物表面的共吸附

天然有机质(NOM)在土壤、沉积物和水体等环境中无处不在,其中富里酸和胡敏酸是主要形态。富里酸及胡敏酸活性高,易与天然矿物颗粒和金属离子发生相互作用,影响矿物的表面化学特性以及金属离子的形态与迁移性,进而在控制环境中金属离子的生物有效性和毒性等方面起重要作用。本文主要综述了富里酸和胡敏酸等NOM和金属离子在矿物表面共吸附特性与主要影响因素,归纳了表面络合模型和现代光谱技术在上述三元体系研究中的应用及其反应机制研究进展。NOM在较大程度上改变了金属离子在矿物表面的吸附特性和反应机制,并受体系pH、金属离子类型和浓度、NOM浓度、NOM和金属离子的添加顺序、矿物类型等因素的影响。低pH时,NOM通常促进矿物对金属离子的吸附。NOM和金属离子在矿物表面的共吸附机制包括:NOM和金属离子竞争吸附表面活性吸附位点;在溶液中形成NOM-金属离子络合物;形成金属离子桥接矿物表面位点与NOM的A型三元络合物(矿物-金属离子-NOM)或NOM联接矿物表面与金属离子的B型三元表面络合物(矿物-NOM-金属离子);静电作用改变表面电荷特征。最后展望了天然有机质等配体与金属离子在矿物表面共吸附有关的研究热点和方向。     

Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.