水土保持生态服务功能评价方法

 由于生态系统服务功能支撑与维持着地球生命系统的平衡与稳定,因此它已受到当今世界普遍关注。在我国水土流失严重的情况下,运用生态服务功能理论可以正确评价水土保持措施的作用,并为合理的生态建设规划提供依据。本文在总结Costanza等人理论的基础上,分析水土保持各项措施对保护和改良人类赖以生存的自然环境条件的综合效用。认为水土保持生态服务功能包括保护和涵养水源、保护和改良土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气和防风固沙等功能。另外,本文从水土保持工程措施、水土保持农业措施和水土保持林草措施3个方向为上述功能筛选了10个评价指标,且为各个指标分别建立了评价方法。这些指标及方法将有助于对水土保持措施的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

农林复合生态系统的生态学原理及生态经济功能研究进展

 农林复合生态系统是一种人工自然复合生态经济系统,对植被恢复和持续发挥土地生产力,具有极为重要的生态经济价值。在综述前人研究的基础上,论述农林复合生态系统生态学原理及生态经济功能的一系列问题:解析农林复合生态系统的定义和基本特征;归纳农林复合生态系统构建的生态学原理和生态经济功能,其中着重说明农林复合生态系统结构组分选择的原则、依据和结构优化的标志,在生态过渡区构建农林复合生态系统,可发挥双向生态缓冲功能。认为:今后农林复合生态系统的研究,应以受干扰较轻的自然生态系统为参照模式,研究农林复合生态系统组分间的生态关系,生物组分生态和谐机制,小尺度的空间异质性对局部生境植被恢复与构建的生态效应,并加强农林复合生态系统的生态定位研究。     

Effects of modified Pb-, Zn-, and Cd- availability on the microbial communities and on the degradation of isoproturon in a heavy metal contaminated soil

The effects of modified heavy metal (HM) availability on the microbial community structure and on the microbe-mediated degradation of herbicide isoproturon (IPU) were evaluated in soil with a long-term HM contamination. The fate of ¹⁴C-ring labelled IPU was investigated for over 60 days under controlled microcosm conditions. Phosphate mineral apatite and a water solution of Pb, Zn, and Cd salts were previously homogeneously mixed into the soil material to reduce and to increase the proportion of bioavailable HM, respectively. The availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd was determined by HM fractionation and plant uptake 110 days after the addition of amendments, shortly before IPU addition. Apatite treatment reduced the availability of HM, but did not affect the microbial biomass and the microbial community structure on the genotype level (total soil DNA-RAPD). However, it changed the microbial community structure on the phenotype level, based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the end of the degradation experiment. The degradation of IPU did not change. In contrast to apatite treatment, HM supplementation increased the bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd, which resulted in biomass reduction and changes of microbial community structure on the genotypic (total soil DNA-RAPD) and phenotypic (PLFA) level. Increased bioavailability of HM also significantly reduced the rate of IPU degradation and mineralisation. The total mineralisation over a period of 60 days decreased from 12 to 5% of initial ¹⁴C. Increased HM bioavailability did not influence the degradation pathways and kinetics of IPU.     

农业生态系统健康及其管理研究进展

生态系统健康是生态系统管理的目标。阐述了农业生态系统健康的概念、评价指标和评价方法,指出农业生态系统健康评价指标与标准的选择应根据其结构和功能将社会经济指标及资源环境指标有机结合,以客观评价农业环境资源承载力及农业生产发展方向,并科学管理农业生态系统。     

Application of para-nitrophenol (pNP) enzyme assays in degraded tropical soils

Enzyme activities have been used as indicators of soil quality and changes in biogeochemical function due to management or perturbations. The objective of this study was to answer a number of methodological questions regarding sampling schemes, sample handling recommendations, and assay procedures to facilitate the use of enzyme assays in the tropical highlands of East Africa. We used para-nitrophenol (pNP) based substrates for five enzymes: β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, chitinase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase. In the first experiment, we examined sampling procedures and compared the results of determining enzyme activities on a plot using composite or discrete samples. Composite samples usually had higher activities than the means of individual cores (P<0.05), but relative ranking of sites was the same if analyses were based on composite or discrete samples. In the second experiment, we examined the effects of storage time and conditions on enzyme activity. Enzyme activity degraded rapidly in frozen samples, but was better maintained in samples stored at 4 °C. Phosphatase and cellobiohydrolase activity declined after 14 days of storage, while the activity of the other enzymes remained close to the values of fresh samples for 28 or more days. In the third experiment, we examined the effect of the addition of an antiseptic, toluene, to prevent bacterial growth during the assay. We found no consistent toluene effect (P>0.4), probably because the assays were of short duration and microbial growth was minimized. Finally, we looked at the incubation time necessary to produce reliable results. Phosphatases, with relatively high activities could reliably be determined in 2 h incubations, but the other enzymes had much lower activities and required longer incubation times for reliable determination. For the enzymes we looked at, 4 h was a good standard time for determining the activity of even the lowest activity enzymes. The results of this study provide practical guidelines for applying these enzyme assays in the degraded tropical soils.     

Effects of tetracycline on the soil microflora: function,diversity, resistance

Background  Tetracycline is a widely used antibiotic in animal production. Significant amounts of the substance reach the soil via feces, urine and manure application. As tetracycline is a persistent compound with antibacterial activity, its presence in soil may have undesired direct and indirect effects. These have been investigated so far focusing on effects on selected microbial functions. Objectives  The aim of the present study was to obtain comprehensive information on potential effects of tetracycline on the soil microflora under environmentally relevant conditions. The investigations included function and structure of the microbial biocoenosis and the distribution of resistance genes. Methods  Pig manure rich in tetracycline resistance genes was applied to a sandy soil. This soil as well as an unamended soil were additionally treated with several concentrations of tetracycline. The spiked soils were incubated in outdoor lysimeters for several months. Substrate induced respiration, PLFAs, ten selected resistance genes, and the concentrations of tetracycline were determined. Results  The test concentrations, though far exceeding environmental relevance, caused only small effects. An establishment of resistance could not be detected. Applied resistance genes were not detectable at the end of the study even in the presence of added tetracycline. Conclusion  Due to the high sorption capacity of the antibiotic, environmentally relevant concentrations of tetracycline do not seem to cause undesired effects on the soil microflora.     

除草剂施田补对沼水蛙血细胞和心肌收缩能力的影响

以沼水蛙(Hylarana guentheri)为研究对象,研究了不同剂量的施田补溶液对沼水蛙的急性毒性效应及其外周血红细胞数/白细胞数、红细胞微核率、红细胞核异常率和总核异常率等的影响,同时利用Powerlab生物信号采集系统研究了施田补对沼水蛙心肌收缩能力的影响。结果显示,施田补对沼水蛙的96 h半致死剂量、安全剂量分别为1.149 9 m L/L和0.115 0 m L/L。所有药物组(0.012 5~0.400 0 m L/L)沼水蛙的血红细胞微核率、核异常率、总核异常率等均高于对照组,而且大部分药物组与清水对照组差异显著或极显著。在较高剂量(≥0.050 0 m L/L)中处理较长时间(192 h)时差异更加明显。所有药物组的外周血白细胞数/红细胞数与对照组相比差异均极显著。施田补对沼水蛙心肌收缩功能具有一定的毒害作用。综上,施田补对沼水蛙具有较大的毒害作用。     

MicroRNA数字特征综述

阐述MicroRNA（miRNA）数字特征在计算识别中的发展及应用,总结相关数字特征在miRNA基因及靶基因预测中的作用。miRNA数字特征是计算识别物种新miRNA基因的工具,从首个miRNA基因被发现以来,数字特征研究由最初的miRNA序列特征和二级结构特征到现在常用的热力学特征、熵特征和拓扑特征等,均被广泛应用于新miRNA基因鉴别和靶基因辨识。随着新一代测序技术广泛应用,miRNA数字特征在miRNA生源论探讨、基因和靶基因识别、生物合成途径发掘等研究中具有重要作用。文章提出将数字特征应用于靶基因功能的归属判别、生物进化等研究领域,为miRNA数字特征在其他研究领域应用提供参考和借鉴。     

茉莉花茶和复方茶防止小鼠急性肾衰竭的研究

茉莉花茶、中药和复方茶对急性肾衰竭小鼠的生化及免疫功能试验结果表明，２．５％花茶、２．５％复方茶和０．３％的中药均能明显降低急性肾衰竭小鼠血清中分子物质（ＭＭＳ）含量。２．５％复方茶能显著降低肾衰竭小鼠血清尿素氮含量，而花茶和单纯中药的作用不明显。花茶、中药、复方茶均可显著促进小鼠脾Ｔ、Ｂ淋巴细胞增殖反应，而且都能增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－３的活性。文中还对花茶和复方茶保护肾功能的机理进行了讨论。     

中草药添加剂对育肥猪免疫功能的影响

[目的]研究中草药添加剂饲喂育肥猪(巴克夏×梅山猪)免疫功能的影响。[方法]选取48头体重40 kg健康巴梅猪随机分为对照组和3个试验组。分别采集30、60和90 d血样,检测血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白Ig G、Ig M和补体C3水平。屠宰后对免疫器官进行病理组织学检查,并进行组织切片观察。[结果]添加中草药试验组和对照组在总蛋白水平上差异不显著;试验Ⅰ组白蛋白水平在第30天显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清中Ig G水平在第30天显著高于对照组(P0.05);Ⅱ组血清中Ig M水平在第60天显著低于对照组(P0.05),90 d极显著低于对照组(P0.01);C3补体试验组在第30天水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。屠宰组织器官观察和组织学切片观察均无明显差异。[结论]中草药饲料添加剂能够促进育肥猪的免疫功能。