60Co-γ射线诱变小麦品质突变体的筛选及分子标记检测

为了探索小麦品质性状的物理诱变效应,用300Gy的60Co-γ射线辐射小麦品种河科2号的干种子,对M3代234个株系的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、硬度和产量性状进行变异分析和SSR分子鉴定,以超过均值±2×标准差确定变异株系.结果表明,在M3代群体中,蛋白质含量有13个株系发生正向变异,5个株系发生负向变异;湿面筋含量有8个株系发生正向变异,3个株系发生负向变异;沉降值有6个株系发生正向变异,3个株系发生负向变异;硬度有2个株系发生正向变异,9个株系发生负向变异;产量有5个株系发生正向变异,4个株系发生负向变异.相关分析表明,M3群体蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值呈极显著正相关,表现出平行变异的趋势.初步筛选出蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量符合国家强筋小麦标准(蛋白质含量≥15％,湿面筋含量≥35％)的株系8个.经SSR分子标记检测,与控制小麦蛋白质含量的基因存在连锁的2个特异引物Xbarc164和Xgwm161在以上8个变异株系都呈现多态性标记,表明这些株系与蛋白质含量相关的基因可能发生了变异.     

不同加工过程对糖水橘子罐头橘瓣硬度的影响研究

以糖水橘子罐头的橘瓣为研究对象,研究了加工过程中的工艺条件对糖水橘子罐头中橘瓣硬度的影响。采用质构仪对不同工艺条件下的糖水橘子罐头的橘瓣进行测定。结果表明,酸碱处理、杀菌条件、灌汤条件和冷却温度对糖水橘子罐头中橘瓣的硬度有影响。     

面包长期贮存过程中的硬化研究

本文研究了面包在长期贮存过程中的硬度变化。结果表明,面包硬度在贮存前几周不断增加,随后增加缓慢;检测分析发现,面包中支链淀粉的结晶和水分的迁移变化规律相似,合理使用添加剂可以延缓面包的硬化。     

Hardness distribution on wood surface

For better understanding wood hardness, we developed a new hand-operated hardness tester that works with Brinell's method. With this tester we investigated the hardness distribution of wood minutely using a 2mm diameter ball tip. The following results were obtained: (1) On preliminary examination with medium-density fiberboard, we found that the value of Brinell's hardness decreased with the increase in the tip ball's diameter but that it was almost constant with the indenting velocity. (2) By using a small diameter tip, the difference of the hardness became clearer between earlywood and latewood. (3) With radial and tangential sections, we obtained hardness distribution patterns similar to those of wood grain. It seems that the hardness distribution reflects the distribution of density on wood surfaces.     

Evaluation of maternal parent and puroindoline allele on kernel texture in a reciprocal cross between two hard spring wheat cultivars

Kernel texture is an important characteristic for both the milling and the end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene sequence variation and mutations to the two puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb), located at the Ha locus on chromosome 5DS, account for the majority of variation in wheat kernel texture. Other factors also influence kernel texture, including effects associated with different maternal parent backgrounds. To investigate the effect of two hard puroindoline alleles in different maternal backgrounds, a population of 228 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a reciprocal cross between two wheat cultivars ID377s (Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a) and Klasic (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b) were examined in two succeeding generations (F₇ & F₈). Kernel texture was determined using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) and the RIL puroindoline haplotype was identified by the sequence-specific PCR amplification of each gene. Analysis of variance identified a significant (P 0.001) effect of the maternal parent and puroindoline mutation on kernel texture. RILs containing the Pina-D1b mutation were significantly harder than lines containing the Pinb-D1b mutation. RILs which had Klasic as the maternal parent were significantly harder than those which had ID377s as the maternal parent. When the maternal parent and puroindoline allele were analyzed in combination, RILs derived from Klasic as the maternal parent and the Pina-D1b allele were significantly harder (P 0.001) than those containing the same allele but ID377s as the maternal parent. The same occurred for RILs containing the Pinb-D1b allele, lines with Klasic as the maternal parent were harder than lines with ID377s as the maternal parent. These results corroborate the harder phenotype of the Pina-D1b allele and indicate a significant maternally-inherited contribution to kernel texture variation.     

CIMMYT普通小麦籽粒硬度等位变异的检测

籽粒硬度主要由5D染色体短臂的一对主效基因Ha控制,研究籽粒硬度等位变异有助于提高小麦的磨粉和食品加工品质。本试验对国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的138份历史品种和代表性高代品系的硬度基因型进行了研究。在用SDS-PAGE鉴定Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a时,用10%甘油代替水配制分离胶,用PDA代替甲叉配制分离胶和浓缩胶,增强了PINA和PINB两种蛋白带型的分辨率。结果表明,与其他国家硬质麦中Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型偏多的特点明显不同,CIMMYT硬质小麦中puroindoline a（PINA）蛋白缺失类型（或称Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）较多,为118个,占85.5%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a（野生型）为11个,占8.0%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型有9个,占6.5%。其中,PINA缺失对小麦籽粒硬度的影响最大,与其他2种基因型硬度值之间差异达5%显著水平。先前研究结果表明,PINA蛋白缺失类型的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质均劣于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,因此,建议CIMMYT多引进一些其他硬度变异类型的小麦种质,如Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型等,以改善其硬度基因型过度单一的局面,从而减少PINA蛋白缺失带来的不利影响。同时,也提醒我国以其他用途如抗病、抗旱等为目的,引种CIMMYT小麦时,还应充分考虑PINA蛋白缺失对磨粉和加工品质的不利影响,以更合理引进和有效利用CIMMYT种质资源。     

Influence of felling season,drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.     

桃硬度与果实部分性状的相关性研究

以16个桃品种为试材,研究不同品种桃果实硬度与其果实性状之间的关系。结果表明,桃果实的果肉硬度与Vc含量呈极显著相关性,相关系数为0.72;桃果实果皮硬度与Vc含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.52;桃果实果肉硬度与可溶性果胶含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.58;不同品种桃果实的Vc含量与可溶性果胶含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.58。     

农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统

介绍了一种农田土壤含水率与坚实度快速信息采集系统.本系统包括土壤介电传感器、圆锥指数传感器及深度传感器,可以快速、同步、实时地获得0～500mm范围内土壤剖面含水率与圆锥指数信息.同时,本系统还结合了GPS和GIS技术,实现了土壤参数的空间分析,可以更方便地把系统应用于农田信息管理.本系统为实现土壤水分和坚实度的同步测量搭建了一个智能化的试验平台,并且在与德国波恩大学农业工程研究所的合作中成功地应用于田间测量.     

高赖氨酸玉米主要品质性状的配合力分析

用4个软质胚乳和4个硬质（或半硬质）胚乳的高赖氨酸玉米自交系，进行8×8完全双列杂交试验，分析了后代籽粒品质性状的遗传表现和配合力。软质胚乳亲本和硬质胚乳亲本杂交时，当代F1籽粒的胚乳硬质度表现出显著的正反交差异，以硬质亲本作母本时F1籽粒硬质度较高，但F2籽粒的硬质度无显著的正反交差异。硬×硬类型杂交后代的