Retained Woody Structure in 1- to 2-Year-Old Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Plantations in Mississippi,Louisiana, and Arkansas: Implications for Wildlife Conservation

Information regarding how site preparation techniques affect residual woody structure is lacking for the southern United States in spite of the importance of such structure for many wildlife species. Therefore, we documented retained structure in young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established using four common site preparation regimes: mechanical only, chemical only, chemical + mechanical, or chemical + prescribed burning. Herbicides reduced live tree density and increased snag density relative to mechanical methods. Prescribed burning reduced density of coarse woody debris (CWD) along with density and volume of piled CWD relative to chemical and mechanical methods. Our results provide a baseline for further studies of wildlife and retained structure in southern pine forests.     

城市公园应急避难专项规划内容及要求的探讨——以东风公园为例

通过实地调查东风公园应急避难场所规划建设现状,包括各种功能设施的配置和日常维护管理,提出防灾公园规划建设的内容及要求,以及东风公园应急避难场所的优化建议,对今后规划建设应急避难公园具有一定的参考价值。     

Analysis of the risk of introduction and spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through importation of raw pigmeat into New Zealand

AIMS: To determine the frequency with which porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSv) would become established in a non-commercial pig herd in New Zealand due to illegal feeding of uncooked food waste containing virus-contaminated pigmeat. To determine the likelihood of a single incursion resulting in a multi-farm outbreak of the disease, and describe the spatio-temporal characteristics of such an outbreak.

METHODS: A Monte Carlo simulation model was constructed to determine the expected annual frequency of PRRSv infection being initiated in a non-commercial pig herd as a result of inadvertent feeding of pigmeat imported from countries endemically infected with the disease. Once the likelihood of PRRSv becoming established in a single pig herd was determined, stochastic spatially explicit infectious disease modelling software was utilised to model the temporal and spatial characteristics of the resulting epidemic.

RESULTS: Assuming the proportion of imported pigmeat remained at current levels, consumption patterns of pigmeat in households in New Zealand remained steady, and limited compliance with recently reintroduced regulations to prevent feeding of uncooked food waste, at least 4.3 pig herds per year were predicted to become infected with PRRSv. Simulation modelling of PRRSv epidemics related to initial infection of a non-commercial farm produced an estimate that 36% of these incursions would spread from the initial herd, and that these outbreaks would involve 93 herds on average in the first year. By increasing the estimated persistence of PRRSv infection in small herds, an average of 205 herds became infected in the first year.

CONCLUSIONS: Given a mean of 4.3 infected premises per year and a 36% probability of infection spreading beyond the initial infected herd, there was a 95% likelihood of a multi-farm PRRS outbreak occurring within 3 years.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Introduction of PRRSv through importation of virus-contaminated pigmeat presents a high risk for establishment of the disease in the pig industry in New Zealand.     

建设绿色大学的必要性、存在的问题及其策略分析

指出了随着我国经济社会的高速发展和生态文明建设的加快,加强对绿色大学的概念、必要性、评价指标体系、国内外发展差距和我国建设绿色大学策略的研究有着重要的现实意义和发展前景。简述了绿色大学的起源、概念和重要性,分析了绿色大学的评价指标体系现状及我国建设绿色大学存在的问题,对我国建设绿色大学提出了具体的建设措施和对策。     

绿色设计方法论在材料科学中的应用探讨

指出了我国材料科学应用中存在的巨大问题,阐述了转换产业发展思路的重要性和紧迫性,以材料发展中的一些典型案例为切入点并由此延伸开来,深入阐述了绿色设计在材料应用中的巨大意义,提出了绿色设计是材料科学发展的必然选择。     

Effects of spreading species‐rich green hay on the botanical composition of an agriculturally improved hay meadow in northern England

The technique of enhancing species diversity by spreading species‐rich green hay following turf scarification was tested in a semi‐improved meadow site in Cumbria, UK. Botanical assessments were carried out in May 2008 (prior to treatment), May and October 2009, and May 2010. Both total species‐richness (number of species per m²) and the richness and aggregate cover of positive indicator species were enhanced by hay spreading, with an average of 21·8 species per m² compared with 17·0–18·7 species per m² for other treatments by May 2010. Significant increases in all three variables occurred by May 2009, with even greater increases between this assessment and May 2010. Hay spreading introduced seven new species, most of which subsequently increased over time, and enhanced the frequency of a further seven. All these species together accounted for only about 5% of vegetation cover in 2010, but the level of species‐richness achieved was equivalent to that of good quality semi‐improved grassland and also equivalent to that achieved in studies where the technique was developed. Results are discussed in detail in relation to the seeding phenology of species at the donor site, as are other factors affecting the technique's potential and possible means of enhancing it.     

茶菜、茶点心在旅游文化中的应用

本文从茶菜、茶点心的历史文化背景出发,结合目前餐饮、茶楼的经营现状与茶菜、茶点心的保健作用,融合地方特色与文化元素,倡导茶宴、茶菜、茶点心在旅游文化中的应用。引领消费新潮流,使之成为一道新的旅游文化风情线。     

Agroforestry Systems for Food and Nutrition Security–Potentials,Pathways and Policy Research Needs

SUMMARY

Food insecurity and malnutrition continue to be the most daunting development challenges in most developing countries. Increases in the productivity of cereal grain crops have helped many developing countries achieve self-sufficiency in meeting the energy requirements, but malnutrition still exist. Agroforestry–growing useful tree crops with annual crops–could provide a solution to food security micronutrient malnutrition. The paper develops a conceptual framework for identifying pathways of how agroforestry systems can contribute to nutrition security and its potential as a food-based nutrition intervention. Furthermore, a theoretical framework for studying the interactions of agroforestry and nutrition security is developed. Finally, policy implications and research needs are identified.     

罐藏食品腐败变质的原因及对策

罐头食品在生产过程中,经常会出现一些如胀罐、酸败、硫化黑变、霉变等腐败变质现象。该文分析了罐藏食品腐败变质的原因,并提出解决对策。     

柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品解酒防醉作用的研究

为了解柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品的解酒防醉效果,进行了小鼠防醉和解酒试验,观察柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品对小鼠醉酒时间和睡眠时间的影响。结果表明：柞蚕丝素解酒保肝功能食品可显著延长小鼠对酒精的耐受时间,缩短醉酒的持续时间。