三种影响条件下黄河源区高寒草地土壤物理及力学性质

为探讨放牧和鼠害对黄河源区高寒退化草地土壤物理力学性质的影响,该研究选取位于黄河源区青海河南县高寒草地作为研究区,分别设置禁鼠、禁牧和自然3种影响条件,并将草地依次划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4种退化类型。通过测定3种影响条件下4种退化类型草地的土壤含水率、密度、含根量、黏聚力和内摩擦角,分析3种影响条件对不同退化类型草地土壤物理力学性质的影响;采用灰色关联分析法探讨不同退化类型草地土壤含水率、密度、含根量对土壤黏聚力的影响程度。结果表明：随着草地退化程度加剧,土壤含水率、含根量及黏聚力均呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,而土壤密度则呈逐渐增大的变化趋势。进一步研究表明,同一退化类型草地,土壤黏聚力由大至小依次为禁鼠、禁牧和自然条件,且禁鼠条件土壤黏聚力显著大于自然条件（P<0.05）;未退化和轻度退化草地,土壤黏聚力与含根量间的关联度相对较高,关联度为0.706～0.778,而中度退化和重度退化草地,土壤黏聚力与密度和含水率间的关联度相对较大,关联度分别为0.586～0.785和0.622～0.779。研究结果对于科学有效防治黄河源区高寒草地退化及其所引起的水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害现象的发生,具有实际指导意义。     

黄土丘陵区第三副区人工牧草SCS-CN值率定研究

径流曲线数法(SCS-CN模型)是估算地表径流的常用方法,可以快速评估不同地表覆盖对降水径流关系的影响。为探讨径流曲线数法在黄土高原地区人工牧草措施下的适用性,提高植被恢复对黄土高原水资源影响的理解,为黄土高原人工牧草地表径流估算提供理论参考,选取黄河水利委员会天水水土保持科学试验站罗玉沟试验场7个径流小区中73场降雨径流事件资料,采用步长法对黄土高原人工牧草标准SCS-CN模型的径流曲线数(CN)和初损率(λ)进行优化率定。结果表明:(1)人工牧草最优λ值为0.15,而对照农田为0.18;(2)不同种类牧草CN值差异不显著,约为79,对照农田CN值为81,表明美国土壤保持局推荐的CN值对黄土高原人工牧草径流计算具有适用性,但λ值需根据实际情况进行优化率定;(3)根据前期土壤湿度情况修正S值,模拟效果较为理想,修正后的SCS-CN模型适用于黄土高原半干旱人工牧草地区。     

短期放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原植被特征及多样性影响

采用控制放牧试验,在昭苏研究了短期放牧强度对草甸草原植被特征及多样性的影响.结果表明,放牧后草群高度、盖度及地上生物量均明显降低（P＜0.05）,密度变化不显著,且轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧间植被特征差异不显著（P＞0.05）;放牧显著增加了草原苔草重要值,降低了针茅重要值（P＜0.05）,其余草种相对较为稳定;放牧显著影响了Shannon-wiener指数、Pielous均匀度指数,且轻度放牧下达到最高（P＜0.05）,而对Margalef物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Mclntosh指数、Alatalo均匀度指数影响不显著（P＞0.05）.短期放牧强度对草地植被特征的影响较缓慢,对植被多样性的影响相对较快.     

青海湖流域高寒草原对放牧时间的响应

以青海湖北岸刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场高寒草原为研究对象,对比研究传统放牧样地与牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧样地中植被群落的特征变化,为缓解青海湖流域高寒草原生态退化提供新的措施.采用野外随机样方调查方法,在刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场选定常规放牧与牧草返青前至种子脱落后放牧试验样地进行草地群落特征数据调查.研究表明:牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能显著提高高寒草原群落盖度与地上生物量;同时,放牧时间改变对高寒草原植物群落伴生种组成有一定影响,主要表现为优良牧草重要值显著增加,常规放牧时间下耐牧性品种占优;此外,放牧时间改变对群落丰富度有显著影响,但对群落多样性及均匀度没有显著影响.可见,牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能缓解高寒草原生态退化.     

放牧强度对西藏高寒草甸植被群落和土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】研究放牧强度对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤理化性质的影响,为西藏高寒草甸科学放牧和退化草地生态系统的恢复提供科学依据。【方法】于2010-06-2012-08在西藏邦杰塘高寒草甸开展牦牛放牧控制试验,设置对照(零放牧)、适度放牧和重度放牧3个处理,研究不同放牧强度对植被群落丰富度、均匀度、生物量、盖度、密度、高度和土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】随放牧强度的增加,植被群落的丰富度和总盖度降低,均匀度指数和地上、地下生物量均先增大后减小;高山嵩草和紫花针茅的盖度和高度随放牧强度的增加而降低,密度增大。高寒草甸生态系统中土壤的体积质量和硬度随放牧强度的增加而增大;0~10cm土层土壤总孔隙度随放牧强度的增加而增大,10~20和20~30cm土层总孔隙度变化规律不明显;土壤含水量在0~10cm土层以适度放牧区最高,但各处理间无显著差异(P0.05);随放牧强度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量以及pH均显著减小(P0.05),速效钾含量在0~10和10~20cm土壤中先增加后减少,速效磷变化无明显的规律性。【结论】重度放牧是高寒草甸植被退化、土壤理化性质改变的主要因素。围栏封育可作为高寒草地植被短期恢复的最佳方式。适度放牧有利于植被群落的增多和改善土壤理化性质。     

气象条件与垂穗披碱草再生性关系的研究

利用河南县牧气观测资料 ,根据垂穗披碱草的生物学特性 ,探讨牧草的再生能力与积温、草原干湿指数、产草量的关系 ,可作为科学利用草场 ,合理轮牧的依据。     

Impact of excreted nitrogen by grazing cattle on nitrate leaching

Abstract. At De Marke experimental farm, data on water and nitrogen flows in the unsaturated zone were gathered on two grazed pastures on sandy soils during the years 1991 to 1994. These provided a basis for calibration and validation of simulation models. The different levels of nitrate-N concentrations of the two plots could largely be explained by differences in crop uptake and simulated denitrification as influenced by different groundwater levels. The irregular distribution of excreta was taken into account by a simulation study quantifying the variability of nitrate-N concentrations under a grazed field. The resulting distribution of simulated nitrate-N concentrations explained the average and peak values of the measured concentrations. Temporal variability of weather was used to assess the nitrate leaching risk under urine patches deposited in either July or September. At site A the probability of exceeding the EC-directive by drinking water (11.3 mg/1 nitrate-N) under a urination deposited in either July or September was respectively 10 and 25%. The average field concentration at this site will hardly ever be a high risk for the environment under the current farm management. At site B the EC-directive will be exceeded under any urine patch in almost 100% of the years, affecting the field average concentration. In field B careful grazing management would result in less nitrate leaching, but the environmental goals would not be reached.     

Quantification and Simulation of Grazing Impacts on Soil Water in Boreal Grasslands

We conducted a 2‐year study in central Alberta to quantify and simulate the soil water status of boreal grasslands under three grazing systems using wapiti (Cervus elaphus Canadensis), viz. (1) ungrazed control (UNG), (2) high intensity [4.16 animal unit month per ha (AUM) ha^?1 ] short‐duration grazing (SDG) and (3) moderate intensity (2.08 AUM ha^?1) continuous grazing (CG). Soil water was measured from May 1997 to September 1998 to a depth of 15 cm. Total annual precipitation in 1997 and 1998 was 494 and 429 mm respectively. In both years grazing treatments reduced soil water. Soil water content under SDG was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than CG. Simulation of soil water on each grazing system was conducted using PASTURE, a simple compartmental system dynamics model. Evaluation of the model was conducted using statistical criteria that included calculation of average error, root mean square, coefficient of residual mass and modelling efficiency and comparing these statistics against optimal values. Although the model under‐predicted soil water, simulations of soil water for grazing treatments in both years were closest to measured values with modelling efficiency (how well observed values are close to simulated values) up to 68 %.     

藏山羊若干行为观察研究

对全放牧藏山羊若干行为进行了昼夜连续24小时跟踪观测研究。结果表明,藏山羊昼夜采食时间为541.37±93.65分。反刍为280.21±67.59分,睡眠为173.30±45.92分,游走为136.15±62.79分,站立为133.35±34.88分,其他行为占175.62±53.18分。采食、游走、站立及其他行为多发生在白天,反刍和睡眠多在夜间。反刍与采食的时间比例为0.52:1。藏山羊母性较强,好喜戏和觅群,少争斗。此外,藏山羊还有搔痒、打喷嚏、啃食异物等异常行为。研究结果,可供藏山羊的培育和饲养管理作为参改。     

放牧强度对草地植物组成及植物生物量的影响

简述了放牧对草地植物组成及植物生物量的影响 ,提出从保护草地植物多样性及获得较高草地生产量的角度出发 ,应使草地承受适当的放牧压力