牧草耐盐力 试验研究

本文对5种禾本科牧草的耐盐力进行了试验研究，出苗期耐盐力为0．3%～0．4%，生长中期为0．5%～0．7%在盐碱地试种表现良好，适宜在黄淮海平原黑龙港缺水盐渍区的中度盐渍土地上栽培。     

果园种植牧草对果树树体生长及其根系活力的影响

对果园生草区果树树体生长和根系活力的多年跟踪观察与研究结果表明：果园全园生草3a期间内会对果树（龙眼）生长产生影响,但不显著。果园全园套种不同牧草5a时,果园全园套种宽叶雀稗对果树（蜜柚）的抑制作用达到显著差异水平,而此时其它参试牧草百喜草、平托花生、圆叶决明、日本草等对果树树体影响差异不显著。果园生草后,显著降低了蜜柚的根系活力。特别是宽叶雀稗区蜜柚根系活力最低,平均仅为317．11μg·g^-1·h^-1,较对照（547．85μg·g^-1·h^-1）降低了42．12％,而套种圆叶决明措施蜜柚根系活力降低程度最小,平均达到了493．73μg·g^-1·h^-1。生草处理之间除了圆叶决明和平托花生差异不显著以外,其他处理之间差异均达到了显著水平。     

(竹禾)类的初步研究与系统分类

本文主要是关于菜类的研究。菜类植株矮小,无分枝,只有一种营养叶。它的花序为真花序,有一定的开花周期。叶片的内部结构属竹类,而地下茎则属草类。在叶片表皮可见气孔器和硅质细胞,在每个维管束两侧各有一个大型梭型细胞,其宽度和厚度均此竹类的梭形细胞为大,而禾草类则无梭形细胞。此外,(竹禾)类除脉鳞(竹禾)属为高海拔(2900—5000米)分布外,其余多生长在热带和亚热带的原始森林下层,喜高温高湿的生态环境,即分布地带较为原始。上述资料表明:(竹禾)类是(竹禾)本科中最原始的植物,禾草类最为进化,而竹类居于两者之间。     

冬春季多年生牧草对富营养化水体的响应及净化效果研究

在室外条件下以8种多年生牧草为材料研究其在重度富营养化水体中的生长状况及生长期间对水体氮磷的削减。结果表明,8种牧草均能适应水生环境并快速生长。经过收割后,每1m2的坦克草浮床生长期内可从水体中吸收17.5g的氮和7.5g的磷。牧草修复水体后,其作为饲料的基本指标均符合国家标准。选取室外试验中生长状况较好的4种多年生牧草进行室内模拟实验,研究其对富营养化水体的修复效应。水体TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、COD在植物浮床系统处理下均显著下降,坦克草处理下去除率最高,对TN、TP、NO3--N、CODMn去除率分别达64.1%,92.1%,70.7%和80.7%。多年生牧草在冬春季对富营养化水体中的氮磷具有较好的净化效果,可作为水体生态修复的优良物种而使用。     

Investigating the phytotoxicity of the graminicide fluazifop-P-butyl against native UK wildflower species

BACKGROUND: The selective graminicide fluazifop‐P‐butyl is used for the control of grass weeds in dicotyledonous crops, and commonly applied in amenity areas to reduce grass productivity and promote wildflower establishment. However, evidence suggests that fluazifop‐P‐butyl might also have phytotoxic effects on some non‐target plants. This study investigates the effects of fluazifop‐P‐butyl on the emergence, phytotoxicity and above‐ground biomass of nine perennial wildflower species and two grass species, following pre‐ and post‐emergent applications at half, full and double label rates in a series of glasshouse experiments. RESULTS: While pre‐ and post‐emergent applications of fluazifop‐P‐butyl caused reductions in seedling emergence and increased phytotoxicity on native wildflower and grass species, these effects were temporary for the majority of wildflower species tested, and generally only occurred at the double application rate. No differences in biomass were observed at any of the rates, suggesting good selectivity and no long‐term effects of fluazifop‐P‐butyl application on the wildflower species from either pre‐emergent or post‐emergent applications. CONCLUSION: These results have direct relevance to the management of amenity areas for biodiversity, as they confirm the suitability of these wildflower species for inclusion in seed mixtures where fluazifop‐P‐butyl is to be applied to control grass productivity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Compost addition,but not tillage,affects establishment of urban highway plantings

Establishment of roadside plantings is often limited by adverse site conditions, particularly poor soil physical and chemical properties. We compared plant establishment of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and grasses in response to addition of compost and/or tillage before planting in replicated plots at two locations along an interstate highway near Detroit, MI, USA. Plots at each location received one of four site preparation treatments: control (no treatment), compost only (top-dressed with 8 cm of municipal compost), tillage only (soil tilled to 20 cm) or compost + tillage (8 cm of compost added and tilled to 20 cm). Within each site preparation plot, we established sub-plots of 16 selections of shrubs, perennials, and ornamental grasses. Compost addition, plant selection, and location affected (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival, height growth, and % plant cover two years after planting. Tillage did not affect (P > 0.05) plant establishment. Similarly, the interaction of tillage × compost was not significant, indicating that surface application of compost was as effective as tilling compost into the soil. Improved plant establishment with the addition of compost was associated with improved soil and plant nutrition and reduced soil pH and soil bulk density. Within each plant group (i.e., shrubs, perennials, grasses) plant establishment varied widely. Overall, the results indicate that compost addition can improve establishment of diverse roadside plantings, which was associated with improved soil fertility. In contrast, tillage provided comparatively little benefit to plant performance in this trial.     

Marandu Palisadegrass Mineral Nutrition and Production Related to Nitrogen and Potassium Supply

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization play a key role in forage crops and can significantly increase yields of ‘Marandu’ palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. exA. Rich.) Stapf.], one of the most important forage crops in Brazil. This study aimed to identify the concentrations of total N and K, nitrate (NO₃^?), and ammonium (NH₄⁺), chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD), and nitrate reductase activity (At-RNA) required to maximize yield. Plants were grown in quartz substrate and treated with nutrient solutions that ranged from 2 to 33 mmol L^?1 for N and 0.5 to 11 mmol L^?1 for K. Dry matter production and At-RNA increased with increasing N and K supplies. SPAD readings correlated strongly with N leaf concentration and dry matter production and can be used to assess the N status of this species. The supply of N and K in the fertilization promoted high yield and adequate N and K concentration for plant metabolism.     

盐池半荒漠风沙区几种天然牧草产量动态与环境因子关系研究

本文以试验观测数据为依据，阐明了牧草生长与环境因子之间的关系     

黑痣菌属的研究

本文研究黑痣菌属的特征,描述种的划分。在调查林木病害过程中,发现一个新种,命名为Phyllachora aquifotia Huang ＆G.sp.nov.增加该属的一个新的分类单位。     

生草栽培对杧果园土壤生境和果实品质的影响

为了探讨杧果园生草对果园土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响,筛选出适宜草种。本试验以桂热芒82号为试材,清耕为对照,全园种植紫花苕子、矮扁豆、自然生草、白花三叶草,研究不同生草种类对杧果园土壤理化性质以及果实品质的影响。结果表明：白花三叶草和自然生草处理,可以自然越冬,次年无需再播,矮扁豆和紫花苕子次年需要再播。当年刈割一次回填可以改良土壤理化性质。除白花三叶草外,果园生草可以提高土壤有机质含量,最高的是紫花苕子,达14.33 g/kg;所有生草处理刈割回填后可以提高30cm深度的土壤阳离子交换量;生草会降低土壤碱解氮含量,降低最多的为白花三叶草;白花三叶草可以显著提高有效钾含量和有效磷含量最高;交换性钙含量和交换性镁含量以自然生草的最高。生草栽培能提高土壤微生物总量,但与对照比,差异不明显。种植白花三叶草的土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高,土壤脲酶活性和土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤氮素、磷素含量有关,白花三叶草和矮扁豆降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性。生草栽培可提高芒果可溶性固形物、维生素C含量及糖酸比,整体影响以种植紫花苕子表现较佳。因此,杧果园生草可以优先选择紫花苕子,有灌溉条件的也可选择白花三叶草,但前期都需要及时补充土壤养分。