Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of splitting failure in simply supported beams loaded perpendicular to grain by dowel joints

A quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics model based on beam on elastic foundation theory is applied for analysis of the splitting failure of dowel joints loaded perpendicular to grain. Simply supported beams symmetrically loaded by two dowels are considered, and the effects of edge distance, dowel spacing, and distance between dowels and supports are accounted for. The foundation modulus used in the beam on elastic foundation model is chosen so that the perpendicular-to-grain tensile strength and fracture energy properties of the wood are correctly represented. This ensures that a conventional stress analysis and failure criterion lead to the same solution as the compliance method of fracture mechanics. A semiempirical efficiency factor is proposed to account for the influence of the total beam depth, which does not enter the beam on elastic foundation model, but the effect of which is evident from tests. It is shown that the so-called Van der Put/Leijten model, which recently has been adopted in Eurocode 5, appears as a special case of the model presented. Tests on simply supported beams with a single dowel joint at midspan are compared with the theoretical predictions. Various edge distances, beam depths, and spans were tested.     

硅藻土杀虫剂处理后储粮害虫成虫体重减轻与死亡

研究了硅藻土杀虫剂“普粮泰”对米象、谷蠹、玉米象和锯谷盗成虫体重的影响。在30±1℃、65%±1%RH条件下,试虫分别在0.5~8 g/m2的粉剂药膜上处理1天,它们(顺序同上)的平均体重分别减少了0.1、0.4、0.2和0.2 mg/头,在相同条件下培养7天后,它们的平均死亡率分别为52%、100%、97%和100%。在25±1℃、65%±1%RH条件下,经过1 g/m2粉剂药膜处理锯谷盗1天后,在原条件下不提供食物保持3天,平均每头锯谷盗体重比对照减少了0.2~0.3 mg/头,平均死亡率达到76%。由此可见,硅藻土杀虫剂处理的储粮害虫成虫体重明显减少(P<0.05),死亡率很高,说明硅藻土杀虫剂可能破坏了试虫体壁保持体内水分的蜡质层,从而引起锯谷盗失水干燥而死。     

农户防鼠密闭储粮袋

筛选出了防鼠效果良好的微胶囊化的放线菌酮及其最佳使用浓度，并用其制出了用维纶聚氯乙烯双面涂塑为材料的具有良好防鼠性能、防潮、密封性好，便于防治害虫、重量轻、容量大、成本低的农户储粮袋。     

推求合理畦宽的方法及应用

为了寻求合理的节水省时畦宽,以更好地利用现有水源,在1990、1991年试验和实践的基础上,用统计回归分析方法对大城县农田畦田规格进行了分析,求出了合理畦宽,并从灌水持续时间、用电量、提水量等方面对合理畦宽的节水、节能效果进行了分析。     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

标准差在单粒播种机试验中的应用

单粒播种机试验方法中的标准差与众不同,有很多专业特点,研究它利于提高试验水平,进而利于产品质量的提高。为此,探讨了标准差在单粒播种机试验中的应用。     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

Fractal dimension estimates of a fragmented landscape: sources of variability

Although often seen as a scale-independent measure, we show that the fractal dimension of the forest cover of the Cazaville Region changes with spatial scale. Sources of variability in the estimation of fractal dimensions are multiple. First, the measured phenomenon does not always show the properties of a pure fractal for all scales, but rather exhibits local self-similarity within certain scale ranges. Moreover, some sampling components such as area of sampling unit, the use of a transect in the estimation of the variability of a plane, the location, and the orientation of a transect all affect, to different degrees, the estimation of the fractal dimension. This paper assesses the relative importance of these components in the estimation of the fractal dimension of the spatial distribution of woodlots in a fragmented landscape. Results show that different sources of variability should be considered when comparing fractal dimensions from different studies or regions.     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线机械防沙体系效益评价及防沙带合理宽度的初步探讨

本文通过对塔里木沙漠公路肖塘段（起始段）至塔中段的风沙危害和现有防沙体系进行评价，指出了目前公路沿线防沙体系存在的问题，并给出了沿线防护体系的合理宽度模型及模拟计算结果。     

旱作条件下转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因水稻籽粒灌浆特性的研究

在旱作条件下,对转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻的3个品系(52-7、51-15、51-22)、受体亲本中花8号(ck1)和当地推广的以色列陆稻白珍珠(ck2)的籽粒灌浆特性进行了比较分析。结果表明:5个品种(系)的强、弱势粒灌浆过程均符合Richards模型,强、弱势粒灌浆为异步灌浆型。三个转BADH基因品系与其受体亲本相比,强、弱势粒的灌浆速率提高,活跃灌浆期延长,灌浆高峰期的籽粒重增加;籽粒灌浆中、后期,强势粒的灌浆天数缩短,强、弱势粒的平均灌浆速率提高,且不同粒位籽粒灌浆速率差异减小,最终使不同粒位籽粒大小的差异缩小和粒重增加。最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和灌浆高峰期的粒重与千粒重存在显著正相关。