The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

Cytogenetic analyses of sugarcane relatives (Andropogoneae: Saccharinae)

Summary Meiosis was studied in 31 wild Saccharum relatives, including Erianthus (8 clones), Miscanthus (5 clones), Narenga prophyrocoma (1 clone), S. robustum (3 clones), and S. spontaneum (14 clones). Chromosome number for 18 clones confirmed published counts or was typical of the particular species. Chromosome number for seven clones (Djatiroto 2n=58, Molokai 5099 2n=80, SES 84/58 2n=58, SES 114 2n=64, SES 260 2n=64, Taiwan 100 2n=112, and US 57-11-2 2n=60) differed from published counts (2n=112, 86-100, 64, 60, 60, 96, and 30, respectively). Counts were obtained for the first time for six clones (Local escape 2n=96, Nepal 2n=72, NG 77-77 2n=108–112, NG 77-199 2n=166, US 57-60-2 2n=20, and US 68-1-4 2n=38). Bivalent chromosome pairing predominated in all clones. Meiotic irregularity (numeric aberrations, univalents, multivalents, and telophase II micronuclei) tended to be associated with taxonomic grouping and level of polyploidy. Clones in Erianthus, Miscanthus, and Narenga were apparent euploids (2n=20–60) and tended to have fewer meiotic irregularities than Saccharum clones. Differences in level of meiotic stability among taxonomic groups may reflect error in chromosome association and synapsis associated with high chromosome number.     

Screening for low grain cadmium phenotypes in sunflower, durum wheat and flax

Cadmium (Cd) level in nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grown on uncontaminated, alkaline soils has exceeded limits established in Northern Europe. Separate field experiments were conducted to investigate variability of grain Cd levels among sunflower, durum wheat and flax germplasm, and to seek an efficient screening method for future breeding. There were large variations in leaf Cd concentration among 200 sunflower lines. These lines performed more consistently for Cd uptake at the R5 stage than at the V8 stage across 4 locations with markedly differing soils. Cd concentration in V8 leaves was not related to Cd in grain. The positive correlation between R5 leaf Cd and kernel Cd level was obtained from nonoilseed hybrid (Sigco 954) (R²; = 0.74**), and 200 lines (R² = 0.44**) tested over 4 locations in 2 field trials, respectively. This indicates that an efficient and low cost screening method can be developed for genotype selection, but plants must be grown to the R5 stage. A preliminary evaluation of 30 durum wheat and 74 flax lines indicated large variations in grain Cd level of durum wheat and flax. Grain Cd concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.34 mg Cd kg^-1 DW for durum wheat, and 0.14 to 1.37 mg Cd kg^-1 DW for flax, respectively. This variability indicates that breeding for low grain Cd in durum wheat and flax should be feasible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引进前苏联陆地棉种质资源主要农艺及经济性状鉴定研究

针对国内棉花生产发展的需要,在石家庄地区自然条件下,我们对引进前苏联的１２９份和国内的７２份陆地棉种质资源的农艺性状、产量及产量因子和纤维品质等性状进行了系统的同步鉴定研究,结果表明：引进材料同国内材料相比,生育期相差不大,引进材料具有株高较矮、果枝节位较低,铃重较高,纤维较整齐,强度高,细度好的特点,而且,在果枝数、叶枝数、单株铃数、单铃重、衣分、子指、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率等性状的变异潜力和变化幅度均大于国内种质资源。通过系统同步鉴定,筛选出早熟、矮秆、高衣分、高子指、长纤维、高强度和细度好等不同特性的优异材料４４份,改善了我国棉花种质资源缺乏的现状。     

小麦白粒种质资源抗穗发芽性的配合力分析

用我国抗穗发芽性显著不同的21个白粒小麦品种(系)及1个红皮品系为材料,分别配成5×6、4×7和7×5三套NCⅡ交配设计,以穗发芽率为指标对杂种F_1及亲本进行配合力分析。结果一般配合力方差达极显著水平,特殊配合力方差亦显著或极显著,基因加性效应起主要作用。抗性亲本对杂种抗穗发芽性表现的作用显著大于敏感亲本,其平均穗发芽率与其一般配合力效应间相关较高,平均相关系数为0.816。穗发芽抗性遗传力较高,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力平均分别为83.30％和58.96％,可以在杂种早代-中代对其进行选择。涪陵须须麦、万县白麦子、遂宁坨坨麦、万雅M120E6、丰产3号等具有较好的一般配合力,可作为优良白粒抗源在育种中利用。     

百合种球活力改良外源技术研究进展

为了提高百合种球活力研究的系统性,文章从种球活力外源改良技术研究的有关进展入手,包括种球品质复壮技术、采后处理技术和播前处理技术等三大方面,系统阐述组织培养、脱毒、扦插、种球更新、提纯复壮、冷藏处理和播前处理的理化调节技术等应用进展,认为这些外源技术的应用直接受品种、类型、状态、环境、处理等因素影响,改良效果存在差异,建议百合种球外源改良技术的研发应用宜依托种质创新、种球活力生理等基础研究,形成较为完备的种球品质精准改良技术的研发体系,以推动中国百合种球国产化繁育工作健康发展。     

具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S与11S多亚基缺失型大豆新品系的创制

利用我国高油大豆品种东农47与日本引进多亚基缺失型育种材料日B,采用回交、三交的育种方法,综合系谱选择,通过SDS-PAGE技术分析亚基组成,在BC₁、BC₃及三交种F₈群体内,选育到(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、(α′+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa、Ⅱb]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb+X₁X₂]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb]-缺失型和(α′+11S groupⅠ、Ⅱa)-缺失型共7种具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S球蛋白α′、α亚基与11S球蛋白groupⅠ(A_1aB_1b,A₂B_1a,A_1bB₂)、groupⅡa(A₄A₅B₃)和groupⅡb(A₃B₄)不同亚基缺失组合新种质。测定优良品系的综合农艺性状及氨基酸组成、含量,结果表明,与对照相比,各种缺失突变体的各种氨基酸组分含量普遍提高,蛋白总量普遍高于轮回亲本,精氨酸含量特别是游离精氨酸的含量大幅提高。其中亚基组成为(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型品系G2-2-3的17种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量、蛋氨酸含量均显著高于轮回亲本东农47,特别是游离精氨酸含量高出7.27mg/g。以上结果表明,7S与11S多亚基缺失型优良品系在有效去除致敏蛋白的同时,可以提高大豆蛋白氨基酸含量, 改善大豆蛋白氨基酸组分配比。各种致敏蛋白缺失型大豆优良新品系的获得,大大丰富了我国蛋白质组分改良育种的种质基础。     

地震作用下坝基土体液化判别及动

天津某水库坝基地面以下15m深度范围内的粉土及粉砂层属于容易发生液化的土层，直接威胁大坝的整体稳定。本文采用现场标贯试验（SPT）和室内动三轴试验对水库坝基中的粉土、粉砂层进行了液化判别，并对判别结果进行了对比分析；同时在液化判别的基础上利用有效应力动力分析方法对坝基土体进行了考虑渗流和不考虑渗流的地震液化的非线性动力有限元分析，并将液化的判别结果与现场标贯试验、室内动三轴试验的判别结果进行对比，从中得出一些有益的结论可供类似工程参考。     

不同贮藏年限沙葱种子萌发及呼吸生理的变化

【目的】探讨沙葱（Allium mongolicum Regel.）种子萌发和呼吸生理特性在不同贮藏时间的变化情况,为沙葱种质资源保存和田间生产提供参考。【方法】以贮藏1~10年的沙葱种子为材料,研究其萌发指标（发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数）、种子呼吸速率及呼吸关键酶（细胞色素C氧化酶、 酸性磷酸酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶）活性在贮藏过程中的变化。【结果】(1)贮藏1~3年沙葱种子发芽率和发芽势呈升高趋势,种子发芽率差异不显著;贮藏4~10年种子发芽率和发芽势逐渐降低;而发芽指数和活力指数在贮藏1~2年内呈升高趋势,之后持续降低。 (2)沙葱种子呼吸速率、细胞色素C氧化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着贮藏时间延长呈先升高后下降趋势,且在贮藏3年时达到最高;异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性随着贮藏时间的延长呈降低趋势,贮藏5年时酶活性急剧下降;而苹果酸脱氢酶活性在贮藏1~5年内逐渐升高,于贮藏5年时达到最高,显著高于其他年限,之后逐渐降低。【结论】沙葱种子老化过程中,呼吸速率变弱,呼吸关键酶活性整体降低,表现为种子萌发能力下降,在实际生产中,建议选择贮藏3年内的种子。     

百合品种改良与生物技术研究进展

该文通过文献研究表明 :中国是百合属植物的自然分布中心 ,原产 47个种、18个变种 ,对世界百合品种改良做出了巨大贡献 ;同时尚有一半性状优良的百合有待于进一步开发利用 .近几十年来 ,围绕着百合的观赏性状、抗性、品质和繁殖能力等育种目标已培育出许多新品种 .生物技术在百合品种改良上主要应用于种质资源的离体保存 ,离体胚培养以克服远缘杂交不亲和性 ,花药培育与单倍体育种 ,利用转基因技术定向修饰性状 ,以及良种快速繁育等 .生物技术与常规育种的结合 ,将使百合育种工作呈现出美好的前景