引进前苏联陆地棉种质资源主要农艺及经济性状鉴定研究

针对国内棉花生产发展的需要,在石家庄地区自然条件下,我们对引进前苏联的１２９份和国内的７２份陆地棉种质资源的农艺性状、产量及产量因子和纤维品质等性状进行了系统的同步鉴定研究,结果表明：引进材料同国内材料相比,生育期相差不大,引进材料具有株高较矮、果枝节位较低,铃重较高,纤维较整齐,强度高,细度好的特点,而且,在果枝数、叶枝数、单株铃数、单铃重、衣分、子指、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率等性状的变异潜力和变化幅度均大于国内种质资源。通过系统同步鉴定,筛选出早熟、矮秆、高衣分、高子指、长纤维、高强度和细度好等不同特性的优异材料４４份,改善了我国棉花种质资源缺乏的现状。     

小麦白粒种质资源抗穗发芽性的配合力分析

用我国抗穗发芽性显著不同的21个白粒小麦品种(系)及1个红皮品系为材料,分别配成5×6、4×7和7×5三套NCⅡ交配设计,以穗发芽率为指标对杂种F_1及亲本进行配合力分析。结果一般配合力方差达极显著水平,特殊配合力方差亦显著或极显著,基因加性效应起主要作用。抗性亲本对杂种抗穗发芽性表现的作用显著大于敏感亲本,其平均穗发芽率与其一般配合力效应间相关较高,平均相关系数为0.816。穗发芽抗性遗传力较高,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力平均分别为83.30％和58.96％,可以在杂种早代-中代对其进行选择。涪陵须须麦、万县白麦子、遂宁坨坨麦、万雅M120E6、丰产3号等具有较好的一般配合力,可作为优良白粒抗源在育种中利用。     

优质稻核心种质青六矮1号及其衍生品种的性状相关性研究

对青六矮1号及其衍生品种(品系)的相关分析表明: 产量与有效穗数呈极显著正相关, 与每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数呈显著负相关; 倒三叶长与倒二叶长呈极显著正相关, 与着粒密度呈显著负相关, 与粒长呈显著正相关, 与垩白率呈显著负相关, 与垩白度呈极显著负相关, 与胶稠度呈显著正相关, 与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关. 主成分分析表     

The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.     

黄瓜种质资源单性结实性评价

 在春季日光温室条件下,对75份黄瓜种质资源的单性结实性进行了评价。结果表明：75份材料的单性结实率在0~100%呈连续分布。其中强单性结实材料40份,占53.3%,中等单性结实材料24份, 占32%,弱单性结实材料11份,占14.7%。其中的24份品种资源中,强单性结实品种20个,占83.3%,其余为中等单性结实。单性结实性强弱表现为坐果率的差异,不同种质资源无籽果实与有籽果实的单瓜重和瓜形指数基本相似。单性结实性一般随着节位升高而增强,其评价工作可侧重于20节内的低节位。     

六堡茶种质资源调查初报

通过对六堡茶种质资源进行调查,发现六堡茶品种资源在苍梧全县、藤县金鸡镇、岑溪市南渡镇等地均有分布,以苍梧县六堡镇、狮寨镇为主要分布地。这些茶原料的水浸出物含量为46.6%~56.4%,茶多酚含量为32.2%~49.7%,氨基酸含量为2.7%~5.2%,咖啡碱含量为2.7%~6.6%,儿茶素含量为17.5%~24.6%,适制六堡茶和红茶。     

含水率和颗粒级配对稍密碎石土抗剪性能及地基承载力的影响

碎石土因特殊的工程特性而被科研人员关注,但对大粒径、粉质粘土填充、稍密状态下碎石土的力学性能涉足较少。根据该类型碎石土特点及大量勘察结果配置出两种比较典型级配的稍密碎石土,通过大型直剪试验仪测定了不同含水率状态下碎石土试样的抗剪强度,绘制剪应力与水平位移的关系图,通过一元回归得出稍密碎石的抗剪强度指标c、φ值,分析了不同含水率、不同级配对稍密碎石土抗剪性能的影响。结果表明：随着含水率的增大,碎石土粘聚力总体呈减小趋势,但变化趋势具有显著的阶段性且和粉质粘土的含量有关,含水率变化对碎石土内摩擦角的影响较小。用规范推荐方法计算了该类型碎石土地基承载力,并与地方规范经验取值和勘察工程实践取值进行了对比,结果表明：含水率对地基承载力影响较大,且与碎石土填充物的粉质粘土含量有关,粉质粘土含量越高,承载力影响越大。     

枇杷属植物落黄叶片颜色遗传多样性分析

调查发现枇杷属(Eriobotrya)植物种质落黄叶片有红褐色、金黄色、紫红色等24种代表性色泽。通过便携式色差仪观测枇杷属10个种176份种质落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数,探讨落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)枇杷属植物落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数L、a、b值变异系数差异较大,变幅为8.65%~185.30%,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数为1.95,说明落黄叶片色泽变异多样;(2)不同种质类群间和不同来源地类群间的变异系数和Shannon’s遗传多样性指数差异均较明显,呈现出栽培驯化程度越高,落黄叶片正面和背面的b值变异系数越小和a值变异系数越大的趋势;云南、贵州、福建地区的类群多样性指数较高;(3)系统聚类将落黄叶片正面色泽划分成12组,背面分成10组,且各组内所包含的枇杷种质类型差异大;(4)L值、b值对落黄叶片正面和背面的系统聚类分析贡献率均较大,落黄叶片正面L值与背面b值呈极显著正相关;(5)落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性可作为枇杷属植物形态学特征描述的补充,为枇杷属植物的鉴别和利用提供新的参考,对枇杷分类研究具有潜在价值。     

苹果种质资源枝干轮纹病抗性评价

将田间自然发病抗性鉴定法与利用苹果轮纹病菌ZZ26人工接种枝条鉴定法相结合,对189份栽培种苹果种质资源进行了苹果轮纹病综合抗性鉴定,并根据抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。结果表明:不同苹果种质资源抗病性表现存在差异,但参试种质中未发现免疫种质。通过人工接种,189份苹果种质资源的抗病类型可分为:高抗(16个);中抗(75个);中感(81个);高感(17个)。通过田间调查,2012年得到抗病类型3种,即高抗(144个);中抗(44个);中感(1个)。2013年同样是3个抗病类型:高抗(14个);中抗(162个);中感(13个)。两年调查均无高感品种。2017年再次调查,结果显示田间调查与人工接种鉴定结果有随种植年限增加一致率逐渐提高的趋势,2012年为13.23%,2013年为38.62%,2017年则超过一半,达到57.14%。经过综合抗性筛选,最终得到表现一致性较好的高抗种质2份:北之幸和秦冠。     

藜麦在中国的适应性种植及发展展望

为了了解藜麦在中国地区的发展现状,本研究归纳了藜麦的植物学特性和营养价值,分析了国内藜麦产业存在的种质资源匮乏、种质创新应用不足、高产栽培技术尚未成熟等问题,并提出了提高藜麦产业投入、促进产业多形式发展的发展对策,为藜麦在中国的推广种植和产业发展提供理论参考。