布朗李炭疽病的病原鉴定及药效试验

采用实地调查和室内试验相结合的方法,对布朗李炭疽病在湖南的分布、危害、症状特点等进行了研究。根据布朗李炭疽病病原菌形态、培养特性和致病性,鉴定其有性世代为Glomerella cingulata,无性世代为Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。药效试验表明,抑制病菌菌丝生长效果较好的化学药剂有湘研植病灵WP、70％甲基硫菌灵WP、50％多菌灵WP、扑菌特WP、40％菌克星WP、50％退菌特WP、60％炭必灵WP、70％红杀WP以及1：1：100波尔多液;抑制孢子萌发效果较好的化学药剂有70％代森锰锌WP、扑菌持WP、70％甲基硫菌灵WP、45％石硫合剂WP、55％疫霜锰锌WP、50％退菌特WP和1：1：100波尔多液。     

不同杀菌剂对莲藕腐败病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防治效果

人工室内接种筛选出F1和F2两个莲藕腐败病菌强致病性菌株。应用菌丝体生长速率法,测定了生产中防治莲藕腐败病常用化学农药对F1和F2的室内毒力。测定结果表明,供试药剂对该病原菌菌丝生长的抑制作用存在较大的差异,其中以硫磺多菌灵的效果最好,对2个供试菌株的EC50分别为11.22μg/mL和12.30μg/mL;其次为甲基硫菌灵,对2个菌株的EC50分别为46.06μg/mL和11.32μg/mL;腐霉利的效果最差,对2个菌株的毒力分别为303.09μg/mL和426.12μg/mL。应用室内抑菌效果较好的硫磺多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵对腐败病严重发生的藕田进行病害防治,结果显示,2种药剂对病情的发展具有一定的控制作用。     

Significance of ABC transporters in fungicide sensitivity and resistance

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are members of a protein superfamily which can be responsible for efflux of drugs from cells of target organisms. In this way, the transporters may provide a mechanism of protection against cytotoxic drugs. In laboratory-generated mutants of fungi, overproduction of ABC transporters can cause multi-drug resistance to azoles and other non-related toxicants. The impact of this mechanism of resistance in field populations with decreased sensitivity to azoles remains to be established. Inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may synergize activity of azoles to populations of both sensitive and azole-resistant pathogens. The natural function of ABC transporters in plant pathogenic fungi may relate to transport of plant-defence compounds or fungal pathogenicity factors. Therefore, inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may act as disease control agents with an indirect mode of action. ©1997 SCI     

Application of fungicides to foliage through overhead sprinkler irrigation – a review

Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha⁻¹ ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of foliar nickel application on urease activity,antioxidant metabolism and control of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean plants

Nickel (Ni) is a cofactor for urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological impact of Ni on urea, antioxidant metabolism and powdery mildew severity in soybean plants. Seven levels of Ni (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g ha^?1) alone or combined with the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin were applied to soybean plants. The total Ni concentration ranged from 3.8 to 38.0 mg kg^?1 in leaves and 3.0 to 18.0 mg kg^?1 in seeds. A strong correlation was observed between Ni concentration in the leaves and seeds, indicating translocation of Ni from leaves to seeds. Application of Ni above 60 g ha^?1 increased lipid peroxidation in the leaf tissues, indicative of oxidative stress. Application of 40 g ha^?1 Ni combined with 300 mL ha^?1 of fungicide reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 99%. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and urease enzyme activity were greatest under these conditions. Urea concentration decreased in response to Ni application. Urease activity in soybean leaves showed a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The leaf Ni concentration showed a positive correlation with the urease and a negative correlation with powdery mildew severity. The results of this study suggest that urease is a key enzyme regulated by Ni and has a role in host defence against powdery mildew by stimulating antioxidant metabolism in soybean plants.     

7 种杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选有效防止菌草食用菌病原真菌的药剂,本研究选用 7 种杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌进行室内毒力测定。采用菌落直径法对 4 种病原真菌进行室内毒力测定,并计算毒力回归方程。7 种供试杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌的作用效果中,百菌清对哈茨木霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小为 0.291 4 mg/L;多菌灵对蜡孔菌和侧耳木霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小分别为 0.257 mg/L 和 1.030 4 mg/L;精甲霜?锰锌对赭曲霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小为 9.233 4 mg/L。百菌清、咪鲜胺、多菌灵和精甲霜?锰锌对 4 种病原真菌均具有较好的抑制作用,建议生产上将这 4 种药剂轮换使用,以有效控制菌草食用菌病害。     

草莓枯萎病菌的分离鉴定及防治药剂筛选

草莓枯萎病是目前危害北京草莓产业的主要病害,为筛选出安全有效的杀菌剂,采用组织分离法从北京昌平地区采集的草莓枯萎病株中分离到引起草莓枯萎病的病原菌。经形态学和分子生物学手段鉴定该病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌草莓专化型(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f.sp.fragariae Winks et Williams)。采用菌丝生长速率法对14种杀菌剂进行筛选,其中,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、φ=25%腈菌唑、w=60%嘧菌酯、w=70%代森锰锌、w=75%百菌清、w=50%异菌脲7种杀菌剂对草莓枯萎病具有显著的抑菌效果,其EC50值分别为0.003、0.63、0.73、5.91、8.90、78.54、229.09mg/L;另外,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、w=70%代森锰锌和w=75%百菌清4种杀菌剂的药效可持续96h以上,其他3种药剂处理48h后对草莓枯萎病的抑制效果显著下降。因此,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、w=70%代森锰锌和w=75%百菌清是草莓枯萎病防治的优先选择。     

4种杀菌剂对葡萄灰霉病菌的毒力测定及复配试验

为了筛选出能有效防治葡萄灰霉病的药剂,为葡萄灰霉病的防治和复配制剂的研究奠定理论基础。采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺和啶酰菌胺4种杀菌剂对葡萄灰霉病菌的毒力,并研究吡唑醚菌酯和咯菌腈的复配效果。毒力测定结果表明：4种杀菌剂对葡萄灰霉病菌都有较强的抑制作用,咯菌腈的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为0.0845 mg/L;吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌环胺的抑制作用次之,EC₅₀值分别为3.6023、5.6300 mg/L;啶酰菌胺的抑制作用最低,EC₅₀值为68.2860 mg/L。联合毒力测定和评价结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯和咯菌腈5种混配组合对葡萄灰霉病菌的EC₅₀分别为0.3483、0.5291、0.5741、1.8751、3.9185 mg/L,共毒系数(CTC)分别是397.50、166.64、28.75、4.85、2.24。配比为1:25时增效作用最明显,共毒系数(CTC)为397.50。     

葡萄霜霉病田间消长规律及防治对策

[目的]调查研究葡萄霜霉病的田间流行动态,以期提出合理的用药时间和药剂种类.[方法]采用5点法对新疆北部昌吉市葡萄霜霉病的田间消长规律进行调查,采用叶盘法测定不同药剂对葡萄藉霉病菌的敏感性;采用生测法筛选葡萄霜霉病田间药剂.[结果]6-7月降雨量和降雨次数是导致北疆葡萄霜霉病流行的主要因子之一.霜疫必克、杜邦易保对葡萄霜霉病菌表现出较强的毒力,对葡萄霜霉病菌比较敏感,属一个敏感水平,杀毒矾次之,而甲霜灵对葡萄霜霉菌表现出极不敏感.通过两年对10种药剂的田间药效试验表明:在葡萄霜霉病发病期喷施安克、霜疫必克、杀毒矾,隔7d喷一次,连续喷2次,相对防效达61.59;-71.70;,比其它药剂防效明显.[结论]新疆昌吉葡萄霜霉病的发生危害程度与降雨日持续时间和雨量大小呈一定的相关性.安克、霜疫必克、杀毒矾三种杀菌剂具有良好控制病害蔓延效果,且属低毒农药,对葡萄安全,对环境污染小,值得推广应用.