Involvement of Cylindrocarpon destructans in root death of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: Pathogenic behaviour and predisposing factors

The common rhizospheric fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans was investigated in relation to its role in root death of Pinus sylvestris in Nordic nurseries and plantations. Laboratory methods were developed for studying similar root problems as well as the early effects of phytotoxicity and fungal infection. Seedlings grown under standardized optimal conditions were exposed to controlled stress (known to occur in nurseries), with or without C. destructans in the rhizosphere. Low light conditions, anaerobic root environment, and fungicide treatment were each found to predispose pine seedlings to invasion by the pathogen. The pathogen was very sensitive to competition as well as antagonism on the root, and fungicide‐induced inhibition of antagonists such as Trichoderma spp. also increased the severity of attack by the pathogen. To compete successfully, the pathogen would have to invade and dominate weakened roots prior to the arrival of saprophytes. Toxic metabolites produced by the pathogen weakened or killed nearby root tissues, and pathogen metabolites seemed to prevent saprophytes from taking hold in the infected roots. Such heavily infected, dead roots may act as inoculum sources allowing the pathogen to invade adjacent living roots, even healthy ones. Dead roots left in nursery soil after earlier harvests may act as reservoirs of inoculum for long periods and pose a threat to new plants.     

木薯褐斑病菌的室内药剂筛选

采用孢子萌发法对分离自海南的木薯褐斑病菌进行了10种杀菌剂的室内筛选。结果表明,国光多菌灵(50%多菌灵WP)和咪鲜胺(25%咪鲜胺EC)的EC50值最小,抑菌效果最好;腐霉利(50%WP)的EC50值最大,抑菌效果最差。建议生产上使用多菌灵和咪鲜胺等来防治木薯褐斑病。     

中国木薯褐斑病发病规律调查及田间防治药效试验

褐斑病是世界木薯种植中的常见病害,也是危害中国木薯的重要病害。在前期工作基础上,2011—2018年,笔者们对中国木薯主栽区开展了褐斑病的普查及发生规律研究工作。结果表明,褐斑病在中国木薯主要种植区域均有发生,部分地区发病严重,主栽品种均不具备抗病性。2个地点3个木薯品种的3年系统病情调查结果表明,病害通常在木薯生长中期发生,随后逐渐加重,中后期流行为害。田间试验结果表明,咪鲜胺、多菌灵、丙环唑、保叶清等杀菌剂对褐斑病的危害有较好的减轻作用,建议在生产中推广应用。     

萱草叶枯病病原鉴定及药剂筛选

【目的】分离纯化上海应用技术大学萱草种质资源圃中疑似萱草叶枯病的病原菌,并对其进行鉴定;筛选对分离病原菌生长具有明显抑制作用的杀菌剂,为萱草叶枯病的田间防治提供科学依据。【方法】采集上海应用技术大学萱草种质资源圃中疑似萱草叶枯病病叶,采用组织分离法分离、纯化病原菌,并进行回接试验验证。对分离病原菌进行菌落形态和显微形态观察,并进行rDNA-ITS序列分析,采用MEGA 7.0软件中Neighbor-joining法构建其系统进化树,鉴定其分类地位。利用带毒平板法测定50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂对病原菌的室内毒力。【结果】从疑似萱草叶枯病病叶中分离得到病原菌YK1,其菌落呈雪白色放射状,分子孢子为卵圆形或近椭圆形,呈麦穗状,孢子壁为黑色,内容物透明,孢子大小为(3.63～7.27) μm×（3.63～7.27） μm,孢子壁约为1.82 μm。PCR扩增获得YK1内转录间隔区（ITS）序列,系统进化分析显示,在Limonomyces属菌种大类中YK1与秆褐霉菌（Limonomyces culmigenus）聚在同一分支上。3种低毒杀菌剂对YK1均有一定抑制作用,其中75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对YK1的抑制作用最强,其有效中浓度（EC₅₀）为0.114 7 mg/L。【结论】本次萱草叶枯病病原菌为秆褐霉菌（Limonomyces culmigenus）,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对其有较好的抑制作用。     

Mitochondrial dynamics caused by QoIs and SDHIs fungicides depended on FgDnm1 in Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops, because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain. Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are large GTPase superfamily members, which are typically involved in the budding and division of vesicles in eukaryotic cells, but their roles in Fusarium spp. remain unexplored. Here, we found that FgDnm1, a DRP and homolog to Dnm1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contributes to the normal fungal growth, sexual reproduction and sensitivity to fungicides. In addition, we found FgDnm1 co-localizes with mitochondria and is involved in toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. Several quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) cause fragmentated morphology of mitochondria. Importantly, the deletion of FgDnm1 displays filamentous mitochondria and blocks the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by QoIs and SDHIs. Taken together, our studies uncover the effect of mitochondrial dynamics in fungal normal growth and how such events link to fungicides sensitivity and toxisome formation. Thus, we concluded that altered mitochondrial morphology induced by QoIs and SDHIs depends on FgDnm1.     

5种植物源农药对食用菌生产中脉孢霉抑制效果研究

脉孢霉（Neurospora）是食用菌栽培中常见竞争性杂菌，其感染率高而且传播迅速，致使培养基质大量报废、菌袋成品率下降及栽培场所污染。从香菇栽培料中分离鉴定出好食脉孢霉（N.sitophila)菌株，采用药剂平板方法分析6个稀释浓度植物源农药对脉孢霉菌丝的生长抑制效果。结果表明：供试5种农药中，高于500倍稀释浓度药液均可对供试菌株生长产生显著抑制，抑菌率为55%~100%。其中丁子香酚和乙蒜素抑菌率最高，同为100%；印楝素抑菌率最低，为55%。值得一提的是，丁子香酚的1 000倍和2 000倍稀释液平板抑菌率也达100%，乙蒜素同浓度稀释液抑菌率与其相近。以上结果说明：乙蒜素和丁子香酚可作为食用菌脉孢霉绿色防控的优选植物源农药。     

复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗褐条病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术,选用多菌灵、苯菌灵、百菌清、嘧菌脂、吡唑醚菌脂、苯甲嘧菌酯进行田间药效试验。结果表明,（50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²、（50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂1500 g+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1500 g+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²和（25%吡唑醚菌脂悬浮剂600 mL+磷酸二氢钾2400 g+农用增效助剂300 mL）/hm²等3个配方药剂对甘蔗褐条病均具有良好的防治效果,其病指均在14.02以下,防效均达84.41%以上。本研究显示3个配方药剂是防控甘蔗褐条病理想的复合高效配方药剂,可在7—8月人工和无人机飞防叶面喷施,7~10天喷1次,连喷2次。     

华东地区匍匐翦股颖褐斑病杀菌剂的田间防治效果

采用常规喷雾法,选择室内药剂筛选中抑菌效果较好的7种杀菌剂,对匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stolonif-era果岭草坪褐斑病进行了发病前的预防和发病盛期的治疗2个阶段的田间试验。结果表明:百菌清与克露对匍匐翦股颖褐斑病发病的预防效果最好,田间预防效果可分别高达99.3%和98.5%,腈菌唑、退菌特、金雷多米尔、杀毒矾的预防效果其次,丙环唑的预防效果最差(73.0%);在草坪发病盛期,丙环唑的防治效果最好,3次防治效果均稳定在86%以上,8月21日的防治效果甚至高达95.9%;百菌清的3次防治效果也都稳定在80%以上,显著高于克露、腈菌唑、杀毒矾、金雷多米尔、退菌特等药剂。上述结果表示预防匍匐翦股颖褐斑病的药剂应选择百菌清或克露,但对已发生褐斑病的翦股颖则宜选择丙环唑或百菌清进行治疗。     

甘肃省春小麦根病化学防治技术研究

１９９１－１９９５上经室内、田间试验研究,筛选出三唑酮、烯唑醇、丙环唑等三唑类坐菌剂为防治小麦根病的有效药剂,其中以２５％丙环唑乳油拌种病增产效果最好,白穗防效可达９０％以上;不同剂量试验结果,按种重０．０５－０．１％拌种经济有效;通过药剂剂型、施药时期和方法研究表明,改变药剂剂型和施药方法,可延长药效、提高防效;湿抖闷种防病增产效果优于干拌。     

杀菌剂对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响

研究了10种杀真菌剂在田间使用浓度的中间浓度及其10倍稀释液下,对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响。结果表明各杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈大。多菌灵、普力克对孢子的抑制作用最小,与块耳霉表现出良好的相容性,是与块耳霉实施菌药合用的候选药剂。施保功、大生、达科宁3种杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子的杀伤力最大,在两种浓度下孢子萌发率均为0。施佳乐、速克灵和敌力脱在低浓度下,与块耳霉的相容性良好,处理后24～48 h与对照无显著性差异;但在中间浓度水平下,处理后48 h孢子萌发率分别为12.45％,0,0。其余药剂随处理时间和浓度不同,对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制。