三唑酮防治小麦雪霉叶枯病的研究

三唑酮100μg/mL可完全抑制小麦雪霉叶枯病菌分生孢子萌发,25μg/mL即可引起90％芽管畸变。离体叶碟法和盆栽幼苗法测定表明,三唑酮有较强的保护作用和治疗作用。田间药效试验确认该剂能有效地控制成株叶斑和叶枯。在小麦条锈病流行区,可用三唑酮常规喷雾,兼治该两种病害。田间用药量应不低于10～15g/亩。     

32种植物提取物的离体抑菌活性测定

用琼胶平板法和悬滴法,测试了32种植物丙酮提取物对小麦赤霉病菌(FusariumgraminerumSchw)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerellacingulata(Stonem)Schr.etSpauid)、辣椒疫霉病菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeon.)、番茄灰霉病菌(BotrytiscinereaPers.)和玉米大斑病菌(ExserohilumturcicumPass.)等5种病原真菌的离体抑制活性。结果表明,在供试质量浓度为干样0.1g/mL时,对2种或2种以上供试菌种菌丝生长的抑制作用达60%以上的植物样品有铁杆蒿(叶)、蒙古蒿(茎叶)、小白酒草(叶)、紫苞风毛菊、牛蒡、太白山蟹甲草和苦参(根)等7种,其中紫苞风毛菊和苦参(根)对4种供试病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,蒙古蒿(茎叶)对小麦赤霉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌孢子萌发有较高的抑制活性,值得进一步研究。     

大蒜叶枯病田间化学防治试验研究

【目的】研究不同药剂对大蒜叶枯病的防治效果,筛选出适于大蒜叶枯病防治的杀菌剂。【方法】采用田间小区试验的方法,于2009和2010年分别对防治大蒜叶枯病的9种杀菌剂进行田间药效试验。【结果】2009和2010年供试药剂在田间使用剂量范围内,对大蒜叶枯病均表现出较好的防治效果,均在75%以上,其中60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG的1 500和1 800 g/hm2对大蒜叶枯病均有显著的防治效果,2年的防治效果均在87%以上;70%代森联WG 1 200 g/hm2、75%百菌清WP 1 200 g/hm2、25%嘧菌酯SC 1 200 g/hm2、3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2,2年的防治效果均在85%以上。【结论】应根据大蒜叶枯病田间发生规律,在发病初期使用60%吡唑醚菌酯.代森联WG 1 500和1 800 g/hm2,间隔7~10 d施药1次,连续施药2~3次,并与3%中生菌素WP 750 g/hm2、70%甲基硫菌灵WP 856.5 g/hm2等不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替使用,以延缓病原菌产生抗药性,提高控制病害的效果。     

甜瓜几种主要病害的杀菌剂防治效果比较研究

试验针对甜瓜叶枯病、蔓枯病、疫病、白粉病,除草剂或化学品药害等,采用不同的杀菌剂进行防治效果比较研究。结果表明:15%三唑酮喷雾对甜瓜叶枯病,70%甲基托布津+68%金雷多米尔喷雾对甜瓜苗期蔓枯病,70%甲基托布津+68%金雷多米尔+12%松脂酸铜涂茎对甜瓜成株蔓枯病,50%苯菌灵+72.2%普力克+黄腐酸硒涂茎加敷土对甜瓜疫病,5%己唑醇喷雾对甜瓜白粉病,解害灵喷雾对误用除草剂或化学品药害等控制效果明显。     

Derivation and testing of a model to predict selection for fungicide resistance

A mathematical model was derived to predict selection for fungicide resistance in foliar pathogens of cereal crops. The model was tested against independent data from four field experiments quantifying selection for the G143A mutation conferring resistance to a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Fungicide treatments with azoxystrobin differed in the total applied dose and spray number. For each treatment, we calculated the observed selection ratio as the ratio of the frequency of the resistant strain after the last and before the first spray. The model accurately predicted the variation in observed selection ratios with total applied fungicide dose and number of sprays for three of the four experiments. Underprediction of selection ratios in one experiment was attributed to the particularly late epidemic onset in that experiment. When the equation representing epidemic development was modified to account for the late epidemic, predicted and observed selection ratios at that site were in close agreement. On a scatter plot of observed selection ratios on predicted selection ratios, for all four experiments, the 1:1 line explained 89–92% of the variance in the mean of observed selection ratios. To our knowledge, this is the first fungicide resistance model for plant pathogens to be rigorously tested against field data. The model can be used with some degree of confidence, to identify anti‐resistance treatment strategies which are likely to be effective and would justify the resources required for experimental testing.     

不同药剂对烟草靶斑病的抑菌作用及田间药效研究

[目的]筛选防治烟草靶斑病的高效药剂.[方法]采用室内抑菌试验和田间防效试验研究10％井冈霉素水剂、20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC、70％甲基硫菌灵WP等12种不同药剂对烟草靶斑病的防治效果.[结果]10％井冈霉素和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC等9种药剂对烟草靶斑病菌的室内抑制效果较好.10％井冈霉素水剂和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC对烟草靶斑病的田间防效最好,相对防效达到70％以上.[结论]10％井冈霉素水剂和20％噻氟酰胺(满穗)SC可以作为防治烟草靶斑病的推荐药剂.     

草莓枯萎病菌的分离鉴定及防治药剂筛选

草莓枯萎病是目前危害北京草莓产业的主要病害,为筛选出安全有效的杀菌剂,采用组织分离法从北京昌平地区采集的草莓枯萎病株中分离到引起草莓枯萎病的病原菌。经形态学和分子生物学手段鉴定该病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌草莓专化型(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f.sp.fragariae Winks et Williams)。采用菌丝生长速率法对14种杀菌剂进行筛选,其中,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、φ=25%腈菌唑、w=60%嘧菌酯、w=70%代森锰锌、w=75%百菌清、w=50%异菌脲7种杀菌剂对草莓枯萎病具有显著的抑菌效果,其EC50值分别为0.003、0.63、0.73、5.91、8.90、78.54、229.09mg/L;另外,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、w=70%代森锰锌和w=75%百菌清4种杀菌剂的药效可持续96h以上,其他3种药剂处理48h后对草莓枯萎病的抑制效果显著下降。因此,206.7g/L噁酮·氟硅唑、寡雄腐霉、w=70%代森锰锌和w=75%百菌清是草莓枯萎病防治的优先选择。     

几种杀菌剂对甜瓜枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了9种杀菌剂对甜瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis)的毒力。抑菌圈法测定结果表明多菌灵和咯菌腈对甜瓜枯萎病菌的毒力最高,其3d的EC50分别为783.7905mg·L-1和975.2145mg·L-1;生长速率法测定结果表明:多菌灵和多菌灵-五氯硝基苯对病原菌的抑制率最高,7d的EC50分别为2.4757mg·L-1和3.3570mg·L-1。     

植物源杀菌剂丁子香酚对辣椒疫病的防治效果

测定了植物源杀菌剂0.3％丁子香酚可溶液剂对辣椒疫病的田间防治效果,结果表明,丁子香酚对辣椒疫病的田间防治效果达86．28％,显著优于常用化学杀菌剂克露（代森锰锌·霜脲氰）和雷多米尔（精甲霜灵·锰锌）,与凯特（吡唑醚菌酯·烯酰吗啉）和安克（烯酰吗啉）的防效相当。     

不同杀菌剂防治烟草赤星病的田间药效评价

试验比较25%嘧菌酯SC、687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC、40%菌核净WP和10%多抗霉素WP 4种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病的田间防治效果。结果表明:25%嘧菌酯SC 600倍液和40%菌核净WP 800倍液防治效果较好,其防效依次为77.33%和70.85%;687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC 600倍液次之,防效为56.96%;10%多抗霉素WP 700倍防效为51.12%。