Titanium dioxide photoinduced degradation of some pesticide/fungicide precursors

Five-membered nitrogen heterocycles (pyrrole, imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole) have been degraded using titanium dioxide and simulated solar radiation at pH = 8. The degradations followed a simple Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Accordingly, the adsorption equilibrium constants K of the heterocycles on the titanium dioxide surface and the rate constants k of degradation of the heterocycle-catalyst adduct have been obtained experimentally. While the K values decrease with heterocycle pKa, the k values increase with increasing pKa. Therefore, apparently, the rate constant depends on the availability of the electron pair on nitrogen, but at the same time the electron pair repulsion induced by the negatively charged titanium dioxide surface at pH = 8 causes a reverse effect in the adsorption equilibrium constant. Only in the case of imidazole, where the adsorption equilibrium constant is low enough (K = 0.013 M(-1)), can the rate constant be approximated to a pseudo-first-order rate expression: k(obs) = Kk. In all other cases, k(obs) = Kk/(1 + K(heterocycle)).     

10种杀菌剂对芝麻立枯病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治芝麻立枯病的高效杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对芝麻立枯病菌的抑制作用。室内毒力测定结果表明:氟硅唑对芝麻立枯病菌的抑制效果最好,EC50值最小,仅为0.5751 mg/L,其次为吡唑醚菌酯,EC50值为0.9199 mg/L。啶酰菌胺和多菌灵对立枯病菌也有较强的抑菌效果,EC50值分别为1.3770 mg/L和1.5138 mg/L。氟硅唑和吡唑醚菌酯抑菌效果显著,可作为芝麻立枯病的首选药剂。     

黄瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对10个品种的黄瓜种子进行带菌检测,并测定5种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉属(Pen icilliumspp.)、根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、枝孢属(C ladosporiumspp.)、交链孢属(Alternariaspp.)和镰孢霉属(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为根霉属、曲霉属、枝孢属和镰孢霉属;不同品种的种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,而种子内部寄藏的真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15%噁.霜.福悬浮种衣剂、适乐时和福美双对种子的消毒效果优于甲霜灵、多菌灵、噁霉灵等供试药剂。     

Susceptibility of oat cultivars to groat discoloration: causes and remedies

Fungal isolations and fungicide efficacy trials were carried out to determine the possible causes of discoloration in oat groats and potential control measures. Alternaria species and Microdochium nivale were isolated from field samples, and Fusarium poae was found in glasshouse tests. Symptoms could be induced reliably in the field through the use of a mist irrigation system. The cultivar ‘Gerald’ was most resistant followed by ‘Jalna’. Cultivar ‘Image’ was most severely affected by discoloration and ‘Millennium’ was of intermediate susceptibility. None of the 28 fungicide‐timing combinations used in the field trials affected the occurrence of discoloured groats. It was concluded that the best strategy for minimizing risk of discoloured groats would be screening new cultivars or breeding material in mist‐irrigated field trials for genetically based resistance.     

狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌生物学特性及药剂筛选

 对狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌的生物学特性及5种杀菌剂对该病原菌的抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明：狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌对多种碳、氮源都能利用,以蔗糖和硝酸钾、L-天冬酰胺最好,但以脲为氮源的培养基生长较差。菌丝最佳生长温度是25~30 ℃之间，在25 ℃时最利于产孢,菌丝生长和分生孢子的致死温度是56 ℃；该菌在pH 3~11范围内均能生长，产生分生孢子，菌丝生长的最适pH 5~7，产孢量最大的pH是 3，9，10；糖浓度在2%~8%菌丝能生长，在糖浓度为2%时菌丝生长最好，产孢量最高；光照对病原菌的菌丝生长和产孢有明显影响,在全光照的条件下有利于菌丝的生长，但不会产孢，黑暗12h光照12h既利于菌丝生长又利于产孢，而全黑暗的条件下不利于菌丝生长和产孢。对5种杀菌剂的研究表明：退菌特和百菌清对狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌菌丝生长的抑制效果较好，其它杀菌剂也能有效的抑制菌丝的生长。     

几种杀菌剂对甜瓜枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了9种杀菌剂对甜瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis)的毒力。抑菌圈法测定结果表明多菌灵和咯菌腈对甜瓜枯萎病菌的毒力最高,其3d的EC50分别为783.7905mg·L-1和975.2145mg·L-1;生长速率法测定结果表明:多菌灵和多菌灵-五氯硝基苯对病原菌的抑制率最高,7d的EC50分别为2.4757mg·L-1和3.3570mg·L-1。     

四川稻区几种重要病虫抗药性评估

在四川稻区多年的监测结果表明:水稻二化螟对杀虫双、杀虫单已达中等抗性水平至高抗水平(41 97～371 9倍),对三唑磷的敏感性降低;稻飞虱对吡虫啉相对敏感,对噻嗪酮、敌敌畏的敏感度降低;稻瘟病对异稻瘟净产生了抗性,抗性菌株频率为20 51%～56 41%,对稻瘟灵的敏感性降低,抗性菌株频率为3 52%～9 52%,对三环唑的敏感性也有下降的表现,病斑出现率为0 4%。水稻几种重要病虫的抗性风险较大,其抗性治理势在必行。     

三唑酮防治小麦雪霉叶枯病的研究

三唑酮100μg/mL可完全抑制小麦雪霉叶枯病菌分生孢子萌发,25μg/mL即可引起90％芽管畸变。离体叶碟法和盆栽幼苗法测定表明,三唑酮有较强的保护作用和治疗作用。田间药效试验确认该剂能有效地控制成株叶斑和叶枯。在小麦条锈病流行区,可用三唑酮常规喷雾,兼治该两种病害。田间用药量应不低于10～15g/亩。     

不同杀菌剂对立枯丝核菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法在室内测定了6种杀菌剂对棉花立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的毒力作用.结果表明,6种杀菌剂对棉花立枯丝核病菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,其中甲基立枯磷对立枯丝核菌的抑菌效果最佳,抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.042 mg/kg,其次为多菌灵,EC50为0.044 mg/kg.相关分析表明药剂浓度与抑制作用呈正相关.     

32种植物提取物的离体抑菌活性测定

用琼胶平板法和悬滴法,测试了32种植物丙酮提取物对小麦赤霉病菌(FusariumgraminerumSchw)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerellacingulata(Stonem)Schr.etSpauid)、辣椒疫霉病菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeon.)、番茄灰霉病菌(BotrytiscinereaPers.)和玉米大斑病菌(ExserohilumturcicumPass.)等5种病原真菌的离体抑制活性。结果表明,在供试质量浓度为干样0.1g/mL时,对2种或2种以上供试菌种菌丝生长的抑制作用达60%以上的植物样品有铁杆蒿(叶)、蒙古蒿(茎叶)、小白酒草(叶)、紫苞风毛菊、牛蒡、太白山蟹甲草和苦参(根)等7种,其中紫苞风毛菊和苦参(根)对4种供试病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,蒙古蒿(茎叶)对小麦赤霉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌孢子萌发有较高的抑制活性,值得进一步研究。