旋覆花不同部位提取物对辣椒疫霉菌的生物活性研究

为明确旋覆花对辣椒疫病的控制效果,分别用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇对旋覆花根、茎、叶、花进行浸渍超声提取,采用菌丝生长速率法和载玻片上孢子萌发法测定各提取物对辣椒疫霉菌的离体活性,并测试了盆栽防效.结果表明,在0.1g·mL-1供试条件下,旋覆花的花提取物对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长抑制活性最强,4种溶剂提取物抑制率分别为81.19％,93.15％,100％和95.43％;叶提取物抑菌活性次之,抑制率分别为81.17％,88.29％,95.43％和87.16％;除茎的氯仿提取物外,其它茎、根不同溶剂提取物抑制率均大于62.79％.在0.05 g·mL-1质量浓度下,叶和茎的石油醚提取物对供试病菌孢子释放的抑制率分别为83.33％和66.67％,其它提取物抑菌活性均较弱.在1.0g·mL-1处理剂量下,旋覆花花的氯仿提取物对辣椒疫病的治疗和保护作用分别为46.35％和52.18％,均与对照药剂相当.     

水稻纹枯病防治药剂配方筛选及其剂型的研制

以水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究比较了5种新型杀菌剂的室内毒力,并选用高效单剂进行复配研究,明确最佳配比;根据药剂理化性质选用流点法、黏度曲线法和正交试验设计法将混剂加工成对环境友好的水悬浮剂。结果表明:5种杀菌剂中对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力(有效中浓度,EC50)由高到低顺序为:嘧菌酯(0.005 19μg/ml)、已唑醇(0.025 20μg/ml)、戊唑醇(0.209 10μg/ml)、丙环唑(0.349 70μg/ml)、苯醚甲环唑(0.777 10μg/ml);毒力最高的嘧菌酯与己唑醇复配的最佳配比为1∶2(增效系数SR值为1.55);嘧菌酯.己唑醇悬浮剂的最优配方组成为:8.0%嘧菌酯、16.0%己唑醇、2.0%分散剂550s、2.0%农乳404#、0.125%黄原胶、1.5%硅酸镁铝。     

咯菌腈与苯醚甲环唑等三种药剂复配对马铃薯早疫病菌（Alternaria solani）的联合毒力

采用菌丝生长速率法测定咯菌腈分别与丁香菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯或苯醚甲环唑3种药剂复配对马铃薯早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)的联合毒力,以Wadley公式评价咯菌腈与其他3种药剂复配对抑制早疫病菌菌丝生长是否有增效作用。通过田间试验验证咯菌腈与其他药剂有增效作用的桶混产品对马铃薯早疫病的防治效果。结果表明,咯菌腈与上述3种药剂按9种配比混合均无拮抗作用(增效系数均大于0.5),咯菌腈与苯醚甲环唑以5∶1复配有明显的增效作用(增效系数SR 2.02),与丁香菌酯或吡唑醚菌酯的9种配比混合物有加和作用(SR介于0.5与1.5之间)。在田间咯菌腈与苯醚甲环唑以5∶1桶混,并以105g/hm2的剂量施用,防效可达85%以上、增产率40%以上,显著高于同浓度单剂的防效和增产率。     

山西省蔬菜灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性检测

为明确山西省蔬菜灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性,2010-2011年用单孢分离法从山西省数十个县、市蔬菜主产区采集、分离到171株灰霉病病原菌(Botrytis cinerea),并采用最低浓度抑制法测定各菌株对嘧霉胺的敏感性。结果表明,山西省灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的平均抗性频率为50.29%,平均抗性倍数为1 423.4。在山西省不同地区灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗性存在差异,其中嘧霉胺使用较多的朔州地区抗药性频率达到100%。     

Microbial and enzyme properties of apple orchard soil as affected by long-term application of copper fungicide

Copper-based fungicides have been applied in apple orchards for a long time, which has resulted in increasing soil Cu concentration. However, the microbial and enzyme properties of the orchard soils remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term application of Cu-based fungicides on soil microbial (microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), C mineralization, and specific respiration rate) and enzyme (urease, acid phosphatase, and invertase activities) properties in apple orchards. Soil samples studied were collected from apple orchards 5, 15, 20, 30, and 45 years old, and one adjacent forest soil as for reference. The mean Cu concentrations of orchard soils significantly increased with increasing orchard ages ranging from 21.8 to 141 mg kg⁻¹, and the CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu concentrations varied from 0.00 to 4.26 mg kg⁻¹. The soil mean C_mic values varied from 43.6 to 116 mg kg⁻¹ in the orchard soils, and were lower than the value of the reference soil (144 mg kg⁻¹). The ratio of soil C_mic to total organic C (C_org) increased from 8.10 to 18.3 mg C_mic g⁻¹ C_org with decreasing orchard ages, and was 26.1 mg C_mic g⁻¹ C_org for the reference soil. A significant correlation was observed between total- or CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu and soil C_mic or C_mic/C_org, suggesting that the soil Cu was responsible for the significant reductions in C_mic and C_mic/C_org. The three enzyme activity assays also showed the similar phenomena, and declined with the increasing orchard ages. The mean soil C mineralization rates were elevated from 110 to 150 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil d⁻¹ compared with the reference soil (80 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ soil d⁻¹), and the mean specific respiration rate of the reference soil (0.63 mg CO₂-C mg⁻¹ biomass C d⁻¹) was significantly smaller than the orchard soils from 1.19 to 3.55 mg CO₂-C mg⁻¹ biomass C d⁻¹. The soil C mineralization rate and the specific respiration rate can be well explained by the CaCl₂-extractable soil Cu. Thus, the long-term application of copper-based fungicides has shown adverse effects on soil microbial and enzyme properties.     

(三唑基-~(14)C-)粉锈宁的标记合成

本文报道了(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁的制备。由14C-甲酸和重碳酸氨基胍形成(5-14C)-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,再经重氮化脱氨得到(5-14C)-1,2,4-三唑,最后再与对氯酚和二氯片呐酮反应得到(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁。放化收率为26％(从甲酸-14C计),放化纯度大于95％。     

不同酚类物质和杀菌剂对枇杷炭疽病菌抑制效果的研究

研究了5种酚类物质和7种化学杀菌剂对枇杷炭疽病菌和孢子萌发的抑制效果。结果表明,5种酚类物质中,苯酚对枇杷炭疽菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌率为70.17%,对苯二酚对分生孢子的萌发抑制作用显著,抑制率为80.8%;7种化学药剂以汤普森甲托、施保功对枇杷炭疽菌的抑制效果较好,平均抑菌率分别为80.23%和78.23%;汤普森甲托对枇杷炭疽菌的孢子萌发抑制作用最强,抑制率为61.92%。     

Assessment of fungicide resistance and pathogen diversity in Erysiphe necator using quantitative real-time PCR assays

BACKGROUND: Management of grapevine powdery mildew Erysiphe necator Schw. requires fungicide treatments such as sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) or mitochondrial inhibitors (QoIs). Recently, reduction in the efficacy of DMIs or QoIs was reported in Europe and the United States. The aim of the present study was to develop real‐time qPCR tools to detect and quantify several CYP51 gene variants of E. necator: (i) A versus B groups (G37A) and (ii) sensitive versus resistant to sterol demethylase inhibitor fungicides (Y136F). RESULTS: The efficacy of the qPCR tools developed was better than the CAPS method, with a limit of 2 pg for E necator DNA, 0.06 ng for genetic group A and 1.4 ng for the DMI‐resistant allele. The detection limits of qPCR protocols (LOD) ranged from 0.72 to 0.85%, and the quantification limits (LOQ) ranged from 2.4 to 2.85% for the two alleles G47A and Y136F respectively. The application of qPCR to field isolates from French vineyards showed the presence of DMI‐resistant and/or QoI‐resistant alleles in French pathogen populations, linked to genetic group B. CONCLUSION: The real‐time PCR assay developed in this study provides a potentially useful tool for efficient quantification of different alleles of interest for fungicide monitoring and for population structure of E. necator. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lack of cross-resistance to a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, fluopyram, in highly boscalid-resistant isolates of Corynespora cassiicola and Podosphaera xanthii

BACKGROUND: Recently in Japan, isolates resistant to boscalid, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), have been detected in Corynespora cassiicola (Burk. & Curt.) Wei and Podosphaera xanthii (Castaggne) Braun & Shishkoff, the pathogens causing Corynespora leaf spot and powdery mildew disease on cucumber, respectively. Resistant isolates of C. cassiicola are widely distributed and represent a serious problem in disease control at present. Novel SDHI fungicides, including fluopyram, are now under development. RESULTS: The growth of very highly boscalid‐resistant, highly resistant and sensitive isolates of C. cassiicola was strongly suppressed on fluopyram‐amended YBA agar medium. Although boscalid and another SDHI, penthiopyrad, hardly controlled Corynespora leaf spot and powdery mildew on cucumber plants when very highly or highly boscalid‐resistant isolates were employed for inoculation, fluopyram still exhibited excellent control efficacy against these resistant isolates as well as sensitive isolates of C. cassiicola and P. xanthii. CONCLUSION: Differential sensitivity to boscalid, penthiopyrad and fluopyram, clearly found in these two important pathogens of cucumber, may indicate involvement of a slightly distinct site of action for fluopyram from the two other SDHIs. This finding may lead to the discovery of unique SDHIs in the future. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

苗木立枯病的杀菌剂筛选

选用15种高效低毒类杀菌剂为试材,研究其对苗木立枯病的2种病原菌尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰刀菌抑制效果.结果表明:代森锌、多菌灵、咪鲜胺锰盐、春雷霉素4种药剂是对2种病原菌均有较好抑制效果的杀菌剂,抑菌率均在80％以上,建议在生产中应用.