An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems

Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs (Grazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha^?1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha^?1 to $863 ha^?1 year^?1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha^?1 year^?1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha^?1 year^?1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.     

Drivers of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult growth and impact on forage quality in lowland Switzerland meadows

Invasive grasses (especially Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult) increasingly threaten meadows and pastures as a consequence of human impact and climate change. We conducted a study in 2012 and in 2013 to better understand the growing cycle and the influence of S. pumila on forage quality of lowland meadows. We observed a rapid increase of S. pumila presence and phytomass on the southern side of the Alps across the growing season. We measured (i) above‐ground phytomass, with a modified Corral‐Fenlon method; (ii) botanical composition using the linear point quadrat method; and (iii) grassland chemical composition by NIRs (near‐infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To test the hypothesis that S. pumila summer growth is related to specific climatic conditions, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration) were collected from meteorological stations near the study sites. Total phytomass was sorted into S. pumila and other species. We used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and found the abundance of S. pumila to be inversely correlated with rainfall and the presence of other species, but positively correlated with temperature increase. The increase of S. pumila above‐ground phytomass production was linked to a reduction of forage quality.     

温度对西藏5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响研究

为探明毛果胡卢巴、劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、镰荚棘豆和窄叶野豌豆5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的适宜温度以提高其萌发率,研究了0/10℃ 、5/15℃ 、10/20℃ 、15/25℃ 、20/30℃ 、25/35℃ 、30/40℃等7种发芽温度对西藏5种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响.结果表明,5种野生豆科牧草种子在0/10℃条件下均无萌发;发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标随昼夜温度的升高呈先上升后下降趋势;毛果胡卢巴、劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、镰荚棘豆和窄叶野豌豆牧草在适宜温度范围内种子萌发时滞最短,依次为2,2,2,3,4d;毛果胡卢巴和镰荚棘豆种子萌发最适温度为15/25℃,发芽率分别高达95%和812.5%;劲直黄芪、天蓝苜蓿、窄叶野豌豆种子萌发最适温度为20/30℃,发芽率依次为85%、912.5%和65%.     

三种豆科牧草愈伤组织继代培养中抗褐化的研究

为解决3 种豆科牧草愈伤组织继代培养中的褐化问题,以‘新牧4 号’紫花苜蓿、普通红豆草和‘海法’三叶草愈伤组织为材料,探讨不同防褐化措施在3 种豆科牧草愈伤继代培养过程中抗褐化效果的影响。结果表明,在苜蓿和红豆草愈伤组织的继代培养中,对愈伤组织褐化抑制效果较好的是AgNO3,浓度为0.02 g/L 时,褐化率分别为13%、15%,愈伤组织褐化程度强弱依次是PVP＞柠檬酸＞AgNO3;在三叶草愈伤组织的继代培养中,对愈伤组织褐化抑制效果较好的是AgNO3,浓度为0.015 g/L时,褐化率为32%,愈伤组织褐化程度强弱依次是柠檬酸＞PVP＞AgNO3。一定浓度的AgNO3不仅能有效控制褐化,还在一定程度上促进了愈伤组织的生长。     

6个双低油菜品系饲用性能比较及农艺性状、营养成分动态变化

为筛选适宜川东北地区种植的饲用油菜新品种,以6个双低油菜新品系为试验材料,对不同刈割时期的生物产量、植物学特性、营养成分,及油菜农艺性状与营养品质动态变化进行测定,并对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：(1)初花期进行第1次刈割,各品系具较好再生性,整个生长季可实现2次刈割,刈割间隔为 35～37 天;2 次刈割时鲜草产量分别为 43.24～50.89、13.94～20.03 t/hm²,年鲜草产量为 57.40～70.46 t/hm²,年干草产量为 6.11～7.28 t/hm²,其中,‘中绵油 783’鲜草产量最高,为 70.46 t/hm²,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系。(2)初次刈割时各品系农艺性状存在显著差异,‘南油 714’株高显著高于(P<0.05)其他品系,达 162.11 cm;‘中绵油 783’叶片数最多,为 19.11 片;‘南油 658’茎叶比最低,为 0.91。(3)第1次刈割时‘南油12’粗蛋白含量为15.64%,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系;...     

大叶千斤拔—云南热区优良牧草种质资源

大叶千斤拔广泛分布于云南热区,其生态适应范围广,抗逆性强,是云南省热区值得开发利用的豆科灌木类优良牧草种质资源,同时,也是热区重要的水土保持植物和绿肥资源。     

几种优良人工牧草矿质元素含量的比较研究

就地上部而言,在3种豆科牧草中,白三叶以N、P、K、Fe、Co、Na含量较高,红三叶以Mg、Zn含量较高。在3种禾本科牧草中,鸭茅以P、K、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo含量较高,草地早熟禾以Fe较高。3种豆科牧草N、Ca、Mg、V、Sr的平均含量显著高于禾本科牧草。地上部与地下部比较,豆科牧草的P、K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Na含量前者显著高于后者;禾本科牧草的N、P、K、B含量,前者明显高于后者。     

种植牧草改良盐碱化草地试验研究

针对近年来羊草草地利用不合理,载畜量过大,出现不同程度退化和盐碱化的问题。为改善草地植物生存条件,对退化、盐碱化草地进行了种草改良试验研究。结果表明,种植4种牧草后均改善了土壤养分状况,均增加土壤中的氮、磷和钾,其中敖汉苜蓿效果最佳,总氮和速效氮含量分别增加0.50%和31.91mg/kg,土壤中全磷和速效磷含量分别增加0.252%和11.33mg/kg,土壤中速效钾含量增加24.37mg/kg。含盐量和pH均有不同程度降低,最佳是碱茅,含盐量和pH分别下降0.058和0.9,其次为军需1号野大麦,含盐量和pH分别下降0.04和0.74。适应性强,抗旱、抗寒、耐盐碱,产量高、品质好。     

不同碳水化合物源对饲料油菜青贮品质的影响

为油菜多功能开发利用、促进种养结合,以饲料油菜华油杂62为材料,添加不同来源碳水化合物进行青贮比较试验,研究高水分饲料油菜青贮技术.试验分为5组,分别将20％的各碳水化合物原料(麸皮、玉米粉、米糠、玉米淀粉)与高水分饲料油菜混合青贮,青贮45 d后进行感官评定并测定营养成分、pH、有机酸含量等.结果表明,添加各碳水化合...     

施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤不同活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响。试验处理包括CK（不施肥）、 N1 （N 150 mg/kg）、 N2 （N 250 mg/kg）、 N1P1 （P2O5100 mg/kg）、 N2P2 （P2O5150 mg/kg）、 N1P1K1 （K2O 70 mg/kg）、 N1P1K2 （K2O 105 mg/kg）和N2P2K1和N2P2K2。结果表明,与对照（不施肥）相比,施肥处理增加植草土壤有机碳、 微生物量碳和易氧化碳,有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量以及牧草固碳量。其中N1P1K1处理土壤有机碳和易氧化碳最高,N1P1处理土壤微生物量碳最高,N2P2K1处理土壤可溶性碳最高,N2P2K2处理牧草地上部及根系固碳量、 有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量均最高。综上,低量氮磷钾肥配施有利于土壤活性有机碳的积累,高量氮磷钾平衡配施牧草固碳效果最佳。