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101.
The meiotic behavior of three tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, 2n = 6x = 42) genotypes, giant fescue (F. gigantea, 2n = 6x = 42), and their reciprocal F1 hybrids and C1, amphiploids was evaluated to determine the parental genomic relationships. Isozyme banding patterns were used to confirm the parental identity of the hybrids and amphiploids. At meta-phase I, the parents had predominantly bivalent pairing. The hybrids had an average of 9.51 I, 16.02 II, 0.12 III, 0.02 IV, and the amphiploids had 2.17 I, 38.82 II, 0.60 III, 0.58 IV, 0.01 V—VIII. The prevalence of bivalent pairing in both hybrids and amphiploids suggested a homoeologous relationship between the six genomes, with four of the six being more closely related. Bivalent pairing in the amphiploids indicated genetic regulation of chromosome pairing. Zymograms were obtained for acid phosphatase (ACPH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). The three tall fescue and giant fescue parents had different zymograms for ACPH, MDH, 6-PGD and PGI; thus, the tall fescue parents of the hybrids and amphiploids could be determined based on the banding patterns of these four enzymes. Phenotypes were determined for ACPH-1, PGI-2 and 6-PGD-1. ACPH-1 may be used to follow the introgression of giant fescue chromatin into a certain tall fescue genotype. 相似文献
102.
Evaluation of plant species for animal feed requires the quantitative and qualitative comparison of different genotypes. Promising lines of annual legumes comprising seven genotypes of vetche ( Vicia spp.) and chicklings ( Lathyrus spp.) were compared for herbage quality. The content of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in herbage and pods were measured at different stages of plant maturity. The proportion of the leaves to shoots (leafiness) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were also determined. As plants matured IVDMD, CP and leafiness decreased and NDF and ADF increased. For all the genotypes maximum digestible dry matter (DDM) and CP yields were more or less attained at 50–100 % podding. Narbon vetch had the highest DDM. The possible uses of the different genotypes as animal feed are discussed based on the partitioning of the DDM and CP yield as plants matured. 相似文献
103.
104.
Summary These investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of first- and second-season selection programs for increasing forage and seed yield in kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.).Rhizo kura clover, the base population, was grown as spaced plants in two programs for six generations of selection for flowering in the seedling and second seasons. Remnant seed for each generation of selection was used to establish spaced plant and broadcast evaluation trials.The first-season selection program was effective in increasing flowering not only in the first season, but for two subsequent seasons. The second-season selection for flowering had little or no effect. However, vigor, forage and seed yields were not increased by either program, and the first-season program progressively reduced vigor and forage yields as generations of selection increased. The cause of this is unknown but may be associated with inbreeding depression or detrimental physiological effects of first-season flowering. Reselection to eliminate possible inbreeding effects is being conducted to further examine the possibility of increasing seedling and aftermath vigor in kura clover. 相似文献
105.
Development and application of functional markers in maize 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Thomas Lübberstedt Imad Zein Jeppe Reitan Andersen Gerhard Wenzel Birte Krützfeldt Joachim Eder Milena Ouzunova Shi Chun 《Euphytica》2005,146(1-2):101-108
Summary Functional markers (FMs) are derived from polymorphic sites within genes causally involved in phenotypic trait variation (Andersen,
J.R. & T. Lübberstedt, 2003. Trends Plant Sci 8: 554–560). FM development requires allele sequences of functionally characterized
genes from which polymorphic, functional motifs affecting plant phenotype can be identified. In maize and other species with
low levels of linkage disequilibrium, association studies have the potential to identify sequence motifs, such as a few nucleotides
or insertions/deletions, affecting trait expression. In one of the pioneering studies, nine sequence motifs in the dwarf8 gene of maize were shown to be associated with variation for flowering time (Thornsberry, J.M., M.M. Goodman, J. Doebley,
S. Kresovich, D. Nielsen & E.S. Buckler, 2001. Nat Genet 28: 286–289). Proof of sequence motif function can be obtained by
comparing isogenic genotypes differing in single sequence motifs. At current, the most appropriate approach for this purpose
in crops is targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) (McCallum, C.M., L. Comai, E.A. Greene & S. Henikoff, 2000.
Nat Biotechnol 18: 455–457). In central Europe, maize is mainly grown as forage crop, with forage quality as major trait,
which can be determined as proportion of digestible neutral detergent fiber (DNDF). Brown midrib gene knock out mutations have been shown to be beneficial for forage quality but disadvantageous for overall agronomic performance.
Two brown midrib genes (bm1 and bm3) have been shown to be involved in monolignol biosynthesis. These two and additional lignin biosynthesis genes have been
isolated based on sequence homology. Additional candidate genes putatively affecting forage quality have been identified by
expression profiling using, e.g., isogenic bm lines. Furthermore, we identified an association between a polymorphism at the COMT locus and DNDF in a collection of European
elite inbred lines. 相似文献
106.
20 diploid clones from 7 varieties, and 10 tetraploid clones from 3 varieties of Lolium perenne were tested in replicated anther culture experiments. Embryos or calluses, were obtained from all clones, and plants were regenerated from all clones except one. The total yield of plants (albino and green plants) ranged from 0 to 61 plants per 100 cultured anthers among genotypes, and there was a general tendency for tetraploic genotypes to be more responsive. Viable green plants were obtained from 5 diploid and 7 tetraploid clones representing 2 and 3 varieties, respectively. Their origin from reduced pollen was confirmed by a haploid chromosome number in some regenerants and by homozygosity for isozyme loci in spontaneously chromosome doubled plants produced from heterozygous diploid donor plants. A large number of the plants were successfully established in the soil. For most donor genotypes, green plants were rare exceptions, but two diploic clones consistently produced 2.3 and 3.8 green plants per 100 cultured anthers, respectively. Estimates of variance components from replicates with greenhouse and field-grown donor plants showed that genotypes accounted for about 73 per cent of the total variation in yield of embryos/calluses, while only 14—15 per cent of the total variation was due to replicates. Hence at present, emphasis should be placed on die selection of high-response genotypes in material of high agronomic potential. 相似文献
107.
The importance of epistasis for forage performance and quality traits was studied in early maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) breeding materials. Sixty-six three-way crosses (3W), 33 of the flint x (dent · dent) and 33 of the dem × (flint · flint) type, were compared with the mean of their respective non-parental single crosses () using data obtained in six environments. For each of the 11 traits examined, at least 6 out of the 66 three-way crosses displayed significant (P < 0.05) epistatic deviations, calculated as – 3W. Averaged over crosses and environments, epistatic deviations were highly significant (P < 0,31] for 8 trails, but of minor importance except for grain yield. In general, the variance of epistatie deviations was appreciably smaller than the variance of genotype × environment interactions. Highly significant correlations occurred among epistatie deviations for silking date, dry matter content of ear, and dry matter yield of grain and stover. The reliability of predicting the performance of three-way crosses from 2W as opposed to assessing them directly was investigated as a function of the number of test environments. Disturbing e fleets of epistasis on prediction only became important under intense testing (> 3 or 4 environments), With fewer test environments, both procedures were almost equivalent, due to a smaller influence of genotype × environment interaction on the values, Epistasis is concluded to be of minor importance with regard to the optimum type of hybrid for forage use. 相似文献
108.
The prediction of grain and stover quality parameters in maize {Zea mays L.) by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was studied. A total of 110 grain and 135 stover samples originating from different genotypes and environments were assayed. Calibration equations for content of crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), starch (ST), and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in grain were obtained by multiple linear regression of known manual values on NIRS data from the odd numbered samples. Calibrations for CP, acid detergent fibre (ADF), in vitro digestible organic matter according to the Tilley & Terry (IVDOM-T & T) and the gas production (IVDOM-Gp) method, respectively, and metabolizable energy (ME) in stover were developed analogously. Equations were validated with the evennumbered .samples and for ME additionally with the 1584 stover samples from an experiment with 66 F1 hybrids tested in six environments. The coefficients of multiple determination (R2) of the prediction equations ranged from 0.80 for IVDOM-Gp and ME in stover to 0.94 for CP in grain. Standard errors of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) were in most cases not higher than commonly reported for conventional manual assays. With regard to the correct ranking of hybrids, prediction equations for ME applied well to stover samples from other environments with one exception. We concluded that NIRS can evaluate the quality traits investigated to a similar degree to that of conventional methods of analysis. Since NIRS is simple and safe to operate and allows rapid screening of several quality traits simultaneously, it should be particularly attractive for breeding purposes. 相似文献
109.
110.
黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae取食地的观察于2005年3月11日至4月16日在云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片进行,搜寻到取食地15个,相应设15个对照样地。调查和测量它们的22个变量因子。比较取食地与对照样地中各变量,t-检验和Mann-Whitney U-检验结果表明,植被特征的乔木密度、灌木密度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和枯落物盖度等5个变量因子差异极显著,乔木层盖度差异显著;食物因素的种子密度和土壤动物密度2个因子差异极显著。主成分分析结果显示,黑颈长尾雉优先选择的取食地具有以下特征:灌木、乔木、草本和枯落物层发达,地面种子食物资源丰富,远离干扰源。黑颈长尾雉围绕解决繁殖期取食安全和营养需求来优先选择取食地变量因子,即选择互补型的高灌木或乔木盖度、壳斗科Fagaceae植物种子和土壤无脊椎动物丰富的区域作为取食地。表3参26 相似文献