草地蝗虫的营养价值

草地蝗虫是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、富含维生素和矿物元素的天然优质可食用、药用和饲用资源,但大量爆发会造成草地植被退化,对草地造成一定的危害。充分了解蝗虫体内营养物质及其变化规律,对其进行合理利用,不仅可以减少蝗虫对草地的危害,还能有效缓解食品、饲料和医药行业的资源危机。本文对草地蝗虫的蛋白质、脂质、矿质元素、维生素和黄酮类物质等营养成分进行总结,并且对其动态变化和开发利用进行分析,以期为更加合理和高效地利用草地蝗虫资源提供参考。     

蚕蛹在现代医药和食品方面的应用

本文简要介绍了近几年来蚕蛹在医药和食品方面的研究成果,内容包括蚕蛹多糖及提取物、蚕蛹蛋白、蚕蛹油、蚕蛹吸附材料、蚕蛹生物反应器和蚕蛹培养基,以及蚕蛹粉在食品方面的直接利用和作为添加原料利用等方面的概况。蚕蛹在医药和食品等方面的利用不仅可以创造巨大的经济价值,还可以为蚕桑资源的高效利用提供新途径。     

几种饲料作物在内蒙古呼和浩特地区的生产性能评价

在内蒙古呼和浩特地区,种植并评价了6种(品种)饲用高粱和高丹草类植物的生产性能及作为饲用植物的价值。结果表明,此类植物具有高产、饲用价值高、利用方便等特点,应用前景广阔,可以考虑作为饲用玉米和苏丹草类植物的换代产品。从植物产量、叶量和分蘖特性等方面综合考虑,饲用高粱大力士和高丹草健宝明显优于其他品种,可以作为该地区的首选推广品种。     

采食水平对东北民猪代谢热量的影响

以哈白猪为对照，研究２０℃条件下，低（Ｌ，７５０ｇ／ｄ），中（Ｍ１０５０ｇ／ｄ）高（Ｈ，１３００ｇ／ｄ）三种采食水平（饲料ＭＥ含量为１２．３７ＫＪ／ｋｇＣＰ：１６％）对体重２０～２５ｋｇ的民猪产热量的影响，研究结果表明，随采食水平提高，产热量有逐渐增加的趋势，但产不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５），三种采食水平下，民猪和哈白猪的产热量分别为３３．５，３４．５，３５．９和３１．９，３３．８，３４．９ＫＪ／ｋｇ＾     

干燥鸡胸肉宠物食品护色研究

为研究干燥鸡胸肉宠物食品在生产和贮藏过程中的颜色变化,减少因颜色变化引起的产品质量问题,采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、柠檬酸和焦亚硫酸钠3种抗氧化剂对干燥鸡胸肉干贮藏过程中颜色变化影响规律。结果表明,BHT的护色效果最好,焦亚硫酸钠的护色效果次之,柠檬酸的护色效果最差。复配试验结果表明,0.02% BHT、0.10%柠檬酸、0.05%焦亚硫酸钠的组合配方护色效果最好,可有效改善干燥鸡胸肉宠物食品在生产和贮藏过程中颜色变化问题。     

Seasonal and dietary effects on Vitamin D deficiencies detected in wild boar from mid‐western Spain

Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in important mammalian physiological mechanisms, such as Ca–P metabolism, bone development and immunological response. VitD deficiencies are frequently detected in domestic animals and related to various health problems (e.g., rickets, bone deformation). However, knowledge about the status of VitD in wildlife species, such as the wild boar, is scarce. The aims of this work were to explore VitD status in wild boar populations from mid‐western Spain and to elucidate the influence of daylight exposure and food supplementation in levels of VitD. Serum concentration of VitD (measured as 25‐hydroxivitaminD) was assessed in 276 wild boar from 27 game estates located in mid‐western Spain using a commercial ELISA kit. In 19 out of 27 estates, the staff supplied a specific VitD‐enriched food (2,000 UI/Kg) ad libitum throughout the year, while in the remaining estates (8), no food was supplied. Blood samples were extracted from hunted animals (198) between October and February of hunting seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018, and from live wild boar (78) that were captured, sampled and released (March–September of 2017). The percentage of animals with VitD deficiency (<20 ng/ml), VitD insufficiency (20–30 ng/ml) and VitD sufficiency (>30 ng/ml) was estimated, and the relationship of these levels to factors like sex, age and season was assessed using chi‐square tests. Furthermore, associations between daylight exposure and supplemental food with VitD levels were explored using linear models. Of the studied wild boar population, 82.2% showed a VitD deficiency or insufficiency. VitD deficiencies were more frequent in animals sampled in winter and spring. Furthermore, levels of VitD positively correlated with daylight exposure and supplemental food intake. Ad libitum supplementation with VitD‐enriched food was insufficient to prevent VitD deficiencies in wild boar from November to April, probably because food consumption is lower during this period.     

在实验室饲养条件下花鼠日食量与食物种类的关系

为了掌握花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)日食量和食物种类的关系,在实验室饲养条件下对花鼠的日食量和食物种类的关系进行了研究。结果表明,花鼠的平均日食量为(15.35±1.09)g,性别间平均日食量无显著差异,花鼠体重与日食量呈正相关,y=0.0487x+90.102。     

饲料产业的环保问题及解决对策

在过去较长的时间段里,一些畜牧养殖业为了追求规模和经济效益,选择以牺牲环境为代价的生产管理模式。该模式虽然在短期内可以达到明显成效,但其带来的环境污染、食品安全、价格持续走低等问题日益显现,对畜牧养殖业健康、可持续发展形成威胁和挑战。饲料与食品均为可食之物,两者无明显界定,如小麦、玉米等即可作为动物饲料,又可以作为食品,而且诸多食品又来源于动物组织以及蛋和奶。所以,饲料产业与环境、食品安全息息相关。为便于论述,笔者从畜牧养殖业的角度来对饲料产业的环保问题及解决对策做出分析,为有关企业、部门提供参考。     

食源性寄生虫的风险评估

风险(risk)是由一种或多种危害因子而引发危害事件的一种可能性或概率。危害因子可能属于物理的、化学的、微生物的范畴,病原微生物中的细菌、病毒、寄生虫等都可成为引发危害事件的风险因子。评估某一因子是否对人或其他生物构成威胁以及所危害的程度显得至关重要。事实上,存在于环境中的危险因子及其多种可能的传播途径都会引发多种危害性事件。因此,要想充分了解并揭示由危害因子引发危害的概率,以及其随后对人类健康造成的危害并非易事。风险评估则是对不良结果或不期望事件发生几率进行描述及定量的系统过程,现已被视为一种用于揭示存在于环境中的各种危害及其对人类健康造成的影响的方法。论文主要对食源性寄生虫风险评估的方法进行全面阐述。     

Processing traits and digestibility of extruded dog foods with soy protein concentrate

Soya bean protein concentrate (SPC) with two particle sizes were evaluated on extrusion parameters, kibble formation, digestibility and palatability of dog foods. Eight diets were extruded: PBM—control diet based on poultry by‐product meal (PBM); GM—a diet in which corn gluten meal (GM) replaced 45% of the diet protein; cSPC15%, cSPC30% and cSPC45%—diets in which SPC of coarse particle size (600 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein; and sSPC15%, sSPC30% and sSPC45%—diets in which SPC of small particle size (200 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein. The digestibility of nutrients was evaluated for the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, using six dogs per food. The PBM, GM and cSPC45% diets were compared for palatability. Data were submitted for analysis of variance, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p < .05). The cSPC increased the specific mechanical energy (SME) application, extrusion temperature and pressure linearly, resulting in lower kibble density and higher expansion and starch gelatinization (SG) (p < .01). When comparing the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, higher SME, extrusion temperature and pressure, SG and kibble expansion were verified for the cSPC45% diet (p < .05). The DM, fat and crude protein digestibility were similar among diets. Faecal pH, ammonia and lactate did not differ, demonstrating that the removal of oligosaccharides and soluble non‐starch polysaccharides of SPC produces an ingredient with mostly non‐fermentable fibre. Dogs preferred the PBM to the GM diet (p < .05), but consumed the PBM and cSPC45% foods equally. In conclusion, SPC exhibited good extrusion functionality, favouring kibble expansion and SG, with high digestibility, similar to that of PBM. The removal of soluble compounds from soya beans resulted in an ingredient with low fermentable fibre content, which did not alter faecal formation or characteristics.