乾宁狼尾草和中序狼尾草的某些生物学特性初探与核型分析

从牧草种质资源鉴定利用角度,对中国产狼尾草属的两个新野生种农艺性状生长、栽植密度以及核型分析等方面,进行了比较研究。结果表明,乾宁狼尾草与中序狼尾草在自然状况下,结实率低,分别仅为41.2％和17.8％,但两者营无性繁殖的地下茎十分发达。生长分析的各项指标上,乾宁狼尾草最大叶面积指数13.1比中序狼尾草3.56大,平均净同化作用率前者小,后者大(36.2和54.1克平方米~(-2)周~(-1)),两者差异均极显著(P=0.01),平均相对生长率分别为0.56和0.52克~(-1)周~(-1),与其它各项均不显著。不同栽植密度,使得草种对光照条件、CO_2流通率以及单位植株营养面积表现出巨大差异,导致形成的生物量也不尽同。乾宁狼尾草与中序狼尾草分别以35cm和25cm行距栽植时,当年生物产量较高;从营养成分上,不单含高量的粗蛋白,营养期与开花期分别达21.45％、16.02％和21.05％、16.88％;赖氨酸含量也表现出同步优势。经染色体数目及核型分析,两种的体细胞染色体数均为36,属四倍体(X=9)。其核型彼此无差异。初步可认定两种,亲缘关系属同源染色体组。     

农艺措施对大豆籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量的影响

探讨了栽培密度、撒可富专用肥、思德富多元长效肥等农艺措施对大豆籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量的影响。结果表明 ,密度对蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和蛋白脂肪总含量的影响不大。在各种栽培密度中 ,品种九三 97- 6 0是在 30万株 /hm2 时籽粒的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和蛋白脂肪总含量均达到最高值 ,而对于品种九三 96 - 12 7来说 ,是在 2 5万株 /hm2 时三者达到最高。并且 ,蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及蛋白脂肪总含量对栽培密度敏感程度因品种而异。撒可富专用肥和思德富多元长效肥均使蛋白质含量增加 ,使脂肪含量降低。施用撒可富专用肥后 ,蛋白脂肪总含量变化因处理而异。施用思德富后 ,蛋白脂肪总含量有所增加。     

加热炉管外积灰及减少积灰的措施

分析了输油管道直接式加热炉炉管积灰的形成、灰垢的种类和成分。认为灰垢就是燃料油燃烧后残留下来的不可燃部分Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｖ、Ｍｇ等金属固体盐类和其它杂质，以及碳元素在燃烧不完全的情况下残留下的可燃组分的微粒。指出燃料灰分含量的高低、燃烧器雾化质量好坏、燃烧空气温度的高低及操作人员的技术水平的高低都是影响灰垢生成量的主要因素。分析了辐射室炉管外壁和对流炉管外壁的积灰规律。指出管外积灰增加了热阻，影响传热效     

Polymorphism of 14α-demethylase Gene (CYP51) in the Cereal Eyespot Fungi Tapesia acuformis and Tapesia yallundae

Cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia acuformis and Tapesia yallundae are closely related species which show different behaviours upon treatment with sterol 14-demethylase inhibitors (DMIs). T. acuformis is naturally resistant to DMIs belonging to the triazole family and susceptible to the imidazole ones, whilst T. yallundae is sensitive to both inhibitors. Cloning of the target enzyme gene, CYP51, from the two species revealed an important polymorphism between them. Further sequencing of CYP51 from sixteen T. acuformis and eleven T. yallundae strains with different phenotypes with regards to resistance to DMIs confirmed that at least eleven variations are species related. Among them, a conserved phenylalanine residue at position 180, found both in T. yallundae and in all known CYP51 proteins from filamentous fungi and yeast, was replaced in T. acuformis by a leucine. Therefore, a leucine at 180 could be possibly involved in natural resistance of T. acuformis to triazoles. Other mutations were observed in some resistant strains, sometimes simultaneously, but in contrast to what was reported for other filamentous fungi, where a mutation at the 136 position of the CYP51 gene product seemed to correlate with resistance to DMIs, we did not find a clear relationship between a given mutation and a particular phenotype. This result suggests that resistance to DMIs could have a polygenic nature in Tapesia. We took advantage of species-related variations to develop a PCR-based assay allowing rapid and easy discrimination between field strains of the two species.     

Milk Protein Polymorphism in Kangayam Cattle

This paper reports the milk protein polymorphism, the allele frequencies of variants and the possible linkages among various combinations of milk protein phenotypes in the Kangayam cattle of south India. Milk samples from 156 Kangayam cows were typed by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for caseins and whey proteins, respectively. All the four milk protein components studied, _s1-casein, -casein, -lactoglobulin and -lactalbumin, exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.9231±0.0151 for _s1-casein C, 0.9263±0.0148 for -casein A, 0.9135±0.0159 for -lactoglobulin B and a relatively high frequency of 0.6218±0.0275 for -lactalbumin A. The mean heterozygosity estimated over all the four milk protein loci was 0.2420. Genetic equilibrium was observed among all the loci studied, except -lactalbumin. Linkage analysis confirmed the non-independence between _s1- and -caseins and between caseins and -lactalbumin phenotypes.     

Present Concepts on the Inflammatory Modulators with Special Reference to Cytokines*

The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines create a network of interactions between cells that lead to both stimulatory and inhibitory responses that maintain an effective homeostatic regulation. The anti-inflammatory cytokines are a family of peptides that modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cytokines act in concert with non-cytokine mediators, such as prostaglandin E₂, glucocorticosteroids, lipocortins, and catecholamines. This review highlights new developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammation and gives an example of a more recent approach to the modulation of acute systemic inflammatory disorders: activation of ₂-adrenergic receptors on macrophages. In this respect the potent ₂-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol seems of therapeutic interest.     

黄皮种子脱水敏感性与核酸、蛋白质代谢的关系

黄皮种子发育晚期,胚内核酸和蛋白质合成能力增强,而花生种子发育晚期则呈下降趋势。脱水处理使生理成熟期黄皮胚核酸和蛋白质合成能力急剧下降,核酸水解酶活性增强。生物大分子代谢能力的变化是黄皮种子脱水敏感性的分子基础。     

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and Two Plant Activators in Sunflower Plants

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and two plant activators DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and CGA 245704 (acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH)) in sunflower plants susceptible to downy mildew were studied in four experiments using different methods of treatment and pathogen inoculation. Both chemicals were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays, whereas P. helianthi infection was obtained by root and cotyledon inoculations of the seedlings. Soil drenches at the rates of 50 and 100mgkg^–1 soil of BABA and BTH given 1 and 3 days before P. helianthi inoculation, respectively to mycorrhizal plants, provided moderate protection against the pathogen (about 50–55%). Morphological changes and decrease in mycorrhizal colonization in roots of BTH-treated plants and in BTH-treated mycorrhizal plants were also observed. Delay in the emergence and reduction of the root systems were more evident at the highest concentration but decreased with time. These effects were absent with the BABA treatment.Foliar spray treatment of BABA and BTH, applied at 4000 and 200µgml^–1, respectively (1 day post-inoculation) to mycorrhizal plants provided good protection (about 80%) against P. helianthi foliar infections. No effects on mycorrhizal colonization or on root systems were observed. In vitro tests on the effect of the compounds on the mycorrhizal fungus showed that the germination of G. mosseae sporocarps increased with BABA treatment whereas it was greatly inhibited by BTH treatment.     

甘肃天祝高寒地区5种灌木中酚类物质含量的研究

对甘肃天祝金强河高寒地区5种灌木中的酚类物质含量进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明,不同的灌木品种其酚类物质的含量不同。藏沙棘总酚,单宁和缩合单宁的干物质含量均高于其他灌木,分别高达69.67,63.34和42.45 g/kg,而其简单酚的干物质含量最低,仅为4.27 g/kg。窄叶鲜卑木的酚类物质含量较低,与其他灌木相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。相关性分析表明,单宁和简单酚含量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.94,P<0.01),与缩合单宁的相关系数为r=0.82(P<0.05),而简单酚与缩合单宁含量呈不显著的负相关关系。     

五指山猪小群体遗传学检测

本研究利用26个微卫星基因座对中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所保种场的五指山猪小群体58个样本进行了遗传学检测,用非变性(中性)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测微卫星的PCR扩增产物,统计了群体平均基因纯合率、等位基因数,利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)。统计结果:全群平均基因纯合率为66.5%;平均多态信息含量、平均观测杂合度为、平均期望杂合度分别为0.807、0.338、0.835;每个位点平均等位基因数为11.92,此结果说明该群体虽然近交程度较高,但仍具有丰富的遗传多样性,遗传变异较大。