Reflectance-based assessment of spider mite “bio-response” to maize leaves and plant potassium content in different irrigation regimes

It is widely accepted that pest infestations elicit a change in plant physiology, which cause detectable changes in crop leaf reflectance. In this study, we test the hypothesis that crop leaf reflectance may also be used to forecast the risk of pest infestation before they actually occur. We collected reflectance data in 160 spectral bands from 405 to 907 nm from excised leaf pieces from field grown maize plants under 3 irrigation regimes. Leaf material was collected at weekly intervals in two growing seasons. The same leaf pieces were used in choice bioassays with carmine spider mites to assess attractiveness to mites (spider mite “bio-response”) across irrigation regimes. In one growing season, we also obtained nutritional element data (lipid, protein, soluble sugar, starch, lignin, Ca, P, Mg, K, S, and Cl) from whole maize plants. Principal component analysis showed that potassium content (K) was highly negatively correlated with spider mite bio-response. Relative reflectance at 740 nm showed a highly significant and positive trend across spider mite bio-response classes, and that potassium content showed a highly significant and negative trend across the same classes. Thus, we argue that relative reflectance at 740 nm may be used to predict both potassium content and risk of spider mite infestation. Based on extensive reviews, potassium leaf content is known to reduce susceptibility of crops to pests. The results presented provide encouraging support for remotely sensed risk assessment of pest infestations through reflectance-based monitoring of maize leaf attractiveness and highlight that reflectance based monitoring of crop susceptibility may be possible through careful management of macro element crop properties, such as potassium content.     

剪叶对槟榔生长状况的影响

为探寻促使槟榔(Areca catechu)叶片早脱落,槟榔提前开花的方法,以七年生海南本地槟榔为试验对象,对槟榔最下面3片大叶进行纵向不同程度剪叶,研究其对叶片含水量、叶绿素含量及内含物的影响,以此了解剪叶对槟榔生长状况的影响.结果表明,剪叶处理对槟榔生长状况产生了一定的影响,剪叶程度不同产生的影响也不同.对照组中即自然状态下叶片含水量一直处于下降趋势,纵向剪叶可使叶片含水量处于比较平稳的状态;剪叶对最下面的叶片叶绿素含量影响明显,剪叶程度越大越明显,但对于整体叶绿素含量无明显影响;剪叶后蛋白质含量先升后降;淀粉含量先降再升再降再升;可溶性糖含量先升高后降低最后保持平衡状态.     

基于教学内容开展多媒体教学的建议

依据多媒体教学的特点，重新对一般高校设置的课程进行了划分。在分析目前高校多媒体教学应用情况的基础上，提出了基于教学内容开展多媒体教学的建议。     

辩证分析古代“孝”的观念及其现代启示

本文就"孝"的历史作用和主要弊端展开分析,努力找出其对当代社会的重要启示。     

Content and distribution of lithium in La Pampa soils (Argentina)

Abstract

Extractable li with ammonium acetate was determined by flamephotometry, in normal soils, alkaline soils and saline soils in the Province of La Pampa (Argentina).

The soils were originated from differents parent material, with various rainfalls (arid to subhumid climate) and management.

The higher contents were found in saline soils. In the other soils the extractable lithium content depends on the parent material, but not on rainfall.

Different patterns of vertical and horizontal distribution of extractable lithium were found.

The origin of extractable lithium is here discussed.     

基于数字水印技术和多媒体内容认证的交易协议

基于数字水印技术和多媒体内容认证技术,提出买卖双方交互协议。该协议可以明确确认交易双方的身份,有效地防止了购买者水印被盗用的可能性,并很容易判定所购得的数字产品是否被篡改。     

图书馆地方文献服务探析

阐述了地方文献服务的内涵,并从服务对象、服务内容、服务模式、服务馆员、服务承诺、服务评估6个方面探讨了图书馆地方文献服务的具体细节和管理责任。     

Response of rice to sulphur application under upland conditions

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the S response and the plant S content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars OS‐6 and IR‐20 grown in sandy Apomu soil series under upland conditions.

Sulphur application increased growth and dry matter yield. At low S rates OS‐6 gave higher grain yield than IR‐20. With high S rates, OS‐6 responded more in straw production. The leaf S content was highest during early growth and decreased with plant age. At flower emergence, the blade of the Y‐leaf appeared to be a suitable index for measuring the S status of the plant. The critical S level was estimated at 0.15%. The critical S levels in the grain and straw at harvest were estimated respectively at 0.12%, and 0.10%. The N/S ratios for the grain and straw at harvest appeared not to be a useful index for determining the critical S status of the plant.     

Impact of Variable Potassium on Metabolism,Oil, and Seed Quality of Groundnut

To study the impact of variable potassium (K) on biomass, economic yield, and role of K in groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) metabolism, plants were grown in refined sand at different levels of K, ranging from 0.5 to 16 mM. The concentration of K increased with increase in supply in all parts of groundnut. Both low (<4 mM) and excess (>4 mM) K increased the activity of peroxidase, ATPase, and acid phosphatase and decreased the concentration of chlorophyll in leaves significantly. Low (<4 mM) and excess (>4 mM) concentrations of K inhibited pod and kernel (seed) formation in groundnut. Potassium stress (both low and excess) deteriorated the quality of groundnut seed by decreasing the concentrations of starch, protein, and oil and increasing that of sugars in seeds. The activities of certain enzymes also altered in K stress in leaves and seeds of groundnut.     

旱涝胁迫条件下稗草对大豆植株含氮量及蛋白质产量的影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,而显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝 鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆籽粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害,旱涝结合的危害大于只旱或只涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。