剑毛帕厉螨与黔下盾螨种间相残的研究

【目的】研究食用菌害虫2种天敌剑毛帕厉螨(Stratiolaelaps scimitus)和黔下盾螨(Hyposipis chianensis)的种间相残特性,为开展两者的协调应用提供理论依据。【方法】在有或无自然猎物(腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae)条件下,观察2种捕食螨不同螨态间的相残程度及相残后若螨的发育和雌成螨的产卵量。【结果】有自然猎物腐食酪螨时,2种螨较少发生相残。无自然猎物时,2种螨发生相残,相残程度与捕食者螨态和猎物螨态密切相关,但黔下盾螨若螨不捕食剑毛帕厉螨幼螨。捕食黔下盾螨卵或幼螨的剑毛帕厉螨若螨80%和100%发育到成螨,若螨期分别为7.88d和7.30d;捕食剑毛帕厉螨卵的黔下盾螨若螨仅有30%发育至成螨;缺乏自然猎物时,2种捕食螨相残后雌成螨的产卵量均显著低于存在腐食酪螨时的产卵量,一种捕食螨仅通过捕食另一种捕食螨,无法维持种群正常增长速度。【结论】剑毛帕厉螨与黔下盾螨不适合作为相互的猎物,存在其它更为适合的猎物时,不优先选择相残,在害虫密度较大的条件下可以同时应用。     

Eleven years of integrated weed management: long‐term impacts of row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction on Lolium rigidum control

Long‐term research aimed to determine whether narrow row spacing and harvest weed seed destruction, in combination with herbicide use, would be sufficient to drive a Lolium rigidum population to extinction. A trial was run from 1987 to 2013, with treatments including crop row spacings of 9, 18, 27 or 36 cm and crop residue burning or retention. Herbicides were applied to reflect regional practices. The initial trial design was randomised, but treatments were maintained in each plot over the following years. Lolium rigidum seed production at harvest was assessed from 2003 to 2013. Average crop yield was higher in the unburnt plots (1638 kg ha^?1) than the burnt plots (1530 kg ha^?1) and greater at narrow row spacing, with an average yield of 1658, 1637, 1548 and 1492 kg ha^?1 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm spacings. Lolium rigidum seed at harvest was reduced in the burnt plots (57 seeds m^?2) compared with the unburnt plots (297 seeds m^?2) and was reduced at narrow row spacing, with an average of 58, 78, 223 and 333 seeds m^?2 in the 9‐, 18‐, 27‐ and 36‐cm row spacings. By 2013, L. rigidum seed production was reduced to an average of 0 seeds m^?2 in the narrow row spacing, burnt plots.     

Post‐spray effects of an aerial application of fenitrothion on the pine beauty moth,Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller)

Abstract

Panolis flammea that had survived an aerial spraying programme of fenitrothion were compared in a series of laboratory experiments with moths that had not been within the sprayed area, to assess the effects of sub‐lethal spray application on various life history parameters. Emergence success was not significantly different between the two treatments and the sex ratio in both cases approximated 1:1. The bionomics of moths surviving in the sprayed plots were different in several respects from those taken from unsprayed plots. The former emerged from pupae later, had lower levels of fecundity and a longer pre‐oviposition period. Females from sprayed plots were also heavierthan males and their weight was positively correlated with fecundity, whereas neither of those traits were shown by unsprayed moths. A number of other bionomic traits were not significantly different in sprayed or unsprayed groups. Analysis of the population growth rates of P. flammea from areas of the forest where control was either ineffective or effective, revealed no significant differences. The implications of these results for the population dynamics of P. flammea are discussed.     

不同营养源对细点扁股小蜂寿命和产卵量的影响

采用单管饲养法,研究了不同营养源对细点扁股小蜂成虫寿命和产卵量的影响.结果表明:葡萄糖、蔗糖、蜂蜜饲养的雌蜂和雄蜂寿命差异显著(P＜0.05),而花粉、清水和对照饲养的雌蜂和雄蜂寿命差异不显著;补充蜂蜜、葡萄糖、蔗糖等营养均能显著延长细点扁股小蜂的寿命,与补充花粉、清水处理相比,平均寿命延长了3～9倍;20％蜂蜜饲养效果显著高于其他浓度,雌蜂寿命达到(35.2±1.1)d,较无饲喂处理寿命延长14倍以上;产卵量方面,10％和15％葡萄糖饲养效果显著高于其他浓度,雌蜂产卵量分别达到(67.5±3.4)粒和(65.6±2.7)粒,是清水饲喂处理的10倍以上.该研究结果可以为细点扁股小蜂的大量繁殖提供参考.     

紫外线对雄果蝇寿命及子代生理的影响

用不同时间的紫外线辐照(5,15,30min)处理羽化后8h雄果蝇,分别测定雄蝇寿命和繁殖力,再将雄果蝇与同期收集的未经辐照处女果蝇进行交配,统计其后代的畸形个体数量。结果表明,辐照处理后,各处理组果蝇的平均寿命、最高寿命及半数死亡时间均显著缩短(P<0.05),但各辐射组之间的寿命变化差异不显著。各辐照组与对照组相比,后代成虫数显著减少(P<0.05),各辐照组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。辐照组的F1代出现少量畸形个体。     

水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟对温度的反应

比较了水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度下的存活、生长发育与繁殖情况.结果表明,在24℃和27℃下,稻纵卷叶螟在玉米苗上的发育速率要比在水稻上的慢1-3 d;33℃不会抑制水稻上饲养幼虫的生长发育,但玉米苗上饲养的幼虫在30℃时就受到了抑制,且在33℃下不能发育到成虫.水稻上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟各阶段的存活率在27-33℃间无显著差异,且36℃时死亡率很高,只有部分幼虫可发育到预蛹阶段;但是玉米苗上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟在33℃下的存活率显著低于21-30℃,36℃下幼虫不能发育到2龄.水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的产卵量均表现为在24℃和27℃条件下最高;在30℃和33℃条件下,水稻上饲养出的成虫能产少量卵,而玉米苗上饲养出的成虫却不能产卵.水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟卵的孵化率均在27℃下最高,且两寄主间无显著差异;玉米苗上饲养所得的卵在33℃和36℃下均不能孵化,而水稻上的则少量能孵化.水稻上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相对要比玉米苗上饲养的耐高温.在24-27℃下用玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟除历期有所延长外,其它生物学特性与用水稻饲养的无显著差异.     

提高甘蔗远缘杂交后代花粉育性的研究

甘蔗远缘杂交后代通过 92-142d的光周期诱导处理后,其孕穗期提早至适宜于花粉形成与发育的 9 -10月份,它们的花粉育性,除了云F1 2000-118外,均比对照提高。另外,远缘杂交后代的花粉育性除了受温度影响外,还与种性密切相关,且双亲血缘关系越远,杂交后代的花粉育性越差。     

Diapause Termination and Postdiapause in Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, overwinters as a diapausing adult in response to short day lengths. Once environmental conditions are favorable, the bugs revert to an active reproductive state. To determine the impact on life-history traits of diverting resources toward diapause rather than oogenesis during early adulthood, diapausing and nondiapausing L. hesperus females were reared from the same cohorts. Body mass, ovarian maturation, ovipositional activity, and survivorship were monitored starting either at the time of release from diapause-inducing conditions or at adult eclosion for diapausers and nondiapausers, respectively. Females that had gone through 2 wk of diapause were larger and able to mobilize the resources necessary for oogenesis faster than nondiapausers, initiating oogenesis and ovipositing sooner and at a faster initial rate. However, lifetime egg production and average daily rates were similar for both groups. Postdiapausers lived longer than nondiapausers by an average of 19 d, which is five more than the 2-wk period when they were reproductively senescent. Overall, the results indicate that short-term diapause does not have a negative impact on life history. Furthermore, the extra endogenous resources stored during diapause may be able to enhance the alacrity with which the female can take advantage of improved environmental conditions and may prolong life by shielding the females against environmental stressors such as temperature extremes, oxidative agents, or food deficits.     

Adult nutrition affects reproduction and flight performance of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition(10.8 days) and oviposition period(6.8 days) and longevity(19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate(79.7%), fecundity(644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate(82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration(9.5 h), distance(29.9 km) and speed(3.1 km h~(–1)). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.     

马尾松第二代种子园建园无性系选育及应用

选育建园材料114个无性系,营建马尾松第二代种子园34 hm2。经遗传测定,全同胞家系具有中等以上的遗传力(在0.5~0.8之间),按配合选择的方法,5年生的树高、胸径、材积的遗传增益分别为8%~20.3%、13.6%~40.8%、29.1%~74.7%;10年生分别为16.3%~39%、31.5%~44.4%和58.7%~146.5%。从种源与优树子代试验林选出的优树的树高、胸径、材积分别大于对照4.9%~10.5%、1.6%~36.4%、15.1%~115%。建园无性系生长结实性状良好,种子园植株3年生树高1.8~2.2 m,胸径2~5.5 cm,有65.3%的无性系开花结实;收集区5年生采穗嫁接建园的无性系平均树高4.4 m、胸径6.2 cm、冠幅2.4 m、轮枝5.3盘,有90%的无性系开花结实。