The impact of clonality on an endangered tree (Elaeocarpus williamsianus) in a fragmented rainforest

The occurrence and distribution of clonality in the endangered rainforest tree Elaeocarpus williamsianus (Elaeocarpaceae) was investigated using SSR and RAPD analyses for 170 apparent individual trees found across seven sites. The results obtained with the two molecular techniques were in complete agreement in showing that single clones are present in most of the E. williamsianus sites with two genets occurring at the largest and most adequately protected site. In addition, seed production, viability and germinability were determined for four of these populations. Fruit were produced in all four populations tested although sterile fruit were very common. Only two E. williamsianus trees representing different genets within the same site produced viable seed. The overall genetic diversity within E. williamsianus is much lower than expected and thus the potential for sexual reproduction has been significantly diminished. It is concluded that habitat fragmentation removed an existing balance between vegetative and sexual reproduction in this species. Such findings have added urgency to the management of this species which could include a reintroduction program incorporating the collation of all clones within selected sites.     

湿度对稻茎毛眼水蝇种群增长的影响

 在63%～100%相对湿度范围内，稻茎毛眼水蝇卵、幼虫和蛹历期差异不显著。幼虫、蛹存活率和世代存活率、成虫产卵量、寿命和种群增长指数随湿度增加呈抛物线变化趋势。当相对湿度分别为80.87%、77.76%、81.26%、78.61%、78.80%、80.70%时，其幼虫、蛹和世代存活率最高，产卵量最多，寿命最长，种群增长指数最大。     

取食不同食物对日本通草蛉生长发育、繁殖和飞行能力的影响

本文研究了日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis幼虫取食棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、小地老虎Agrotisipsilon、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 4种鳞翅目害虫卵和棉蚜Aphis gossypii共5种食物时的生长发育、繁殖和飞行能力。结果表明：幼虫取食棉铃虫卵时发育历期最长（12.95 d）、蛹期最短（9.69 d）,取食棉蚜时发育历期最短（10.28 d）、蛹期最长（10.39 d）;幼虫食物对蛹重、成虫羽化率、产卵前期、产卵量和寿命均无显著影响（P〉0.05）。飞行能力测试中,幼虫食物显著影响成虫的累计飞行时间和平均飞行速度,而对成虫累计飞行距离则无显著影响;幼虫取食棉铃虫卵时成虫累计飞行时间最长（13.58 h）、飞行超过10 h的个体占60%,平均飞行速度最小（0.49 km h 1）、所有个体飞行速度均小于1.0 km h 1;取食棉蚜时成虫累计飞行时间最短（9.38 h）、飞行超过10 h的个体仅占36.85%,平均飞行速度最大（0.75 km h 1）、21.05%个体飞行速度大于1.0 km h 1。结果说明,幼虫食物是影响日本通草蛉个体发育和种群动态的重要因素之一。     

BMPR-IB、BMP15、GDF9基因作为福清山羊高繁殖力候选基因的研究

以控制部分绵、山羊品种高繁殖力的BMPR-IB、BMP15和GDF9基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析福清山羊BMPR-IB、BMP15和GDF9基因多态性与繁殖性状的关系。结果表明:多胎品种福清山羊及南江黄羊在BMPR-IB基因的相应位置上并未发生与Booroola Merino羊相同的突变,同时也未检测到BMP15的FecXI、FecXH、FecXB基因及GDF9的FecGH基因,因此排除了这5个突变位点存在控制福清山羊高繁殖力主效基因的可能性。     

The population dynamics of a recently introduced crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), in the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba,Zimbabwe

The redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is a recent introduction into Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe where it is rapidly spreading. There are, however, no studies that have investigated the population dynamics and possible ecological impacts of the crayfish in the lake. This study investigated aspects of the population biology of C. quadricarinatus in the lake. These included sex distribution, population growth and mortality parameters, probability of capture, recruitment and length at age of ge at maturity. Crayfish were captured monthly between January and December 2013 from 13 sites using opera house bait traps. Aspects of the species population biology were estimated using a fish stock assessment tool, FISAT II. A total of 3 205 crayfish were captured, of which 44% were male, 49% female and 7% intersex individuals. The asymptotic length (L_∞ = 112.88 mm), curvature parameter (k = 0.72), longevity (t_max = 4.17 years), growth performance index (? = 3.96), total mortality (Z = 2.06 y^?1), fishing mortality (F = 1.07 y^?1), natural mortality (M = 0.99 y^?1), rate of exploitation (E = 0.52) and length-at-first capture (L_c = 44.48 mm) were estimated. Fecundity averaged 503 ± 229 eggs female?1 and increased with size (weight and carapace length). Gravid females were found throughout the year but the highest proportion of females with eggs (4–10%) were found in the first quarter, whereas recruitment peaked in May and June. The smallest crayfish with eggs (48.75 mm CL) was estimated to be 1.02 years and the largest (94.82 mm CL) 2.85 years. Cherax quadricarinatus exhibited an r strategy life-history pattern due to continuous reproduction and high fecundity. In Lake Kariba, C. quadricarinatus is now well into the establishment stage of the Introduction–naturalisation–invasion continuum and spreading in the lake. Management options should thus aim at preventing further spread and reducing the population size and the potential negative impacts of this species.     

福建省东山岛西埔湾港养斑鰶的繁殖生物学

本文研究了福建省东山岛西埔湾港养斑鰶性腺周期发育、成熟系数周年变化、个体生殖力以及雌雄同体。港养斑鰶能在半封闭式湾内发育成熟而且自然产卵。其卵细胞发育分为6个时相,精巢发育分为6期。卵膜由透明带、外放射带和内放射带组成,内有孔道结构。第4时相中期卵母细胞的内放射带有7～8层纤维状片层。产卵后鞘膜细胞和颗粒细胞分裂增殖变成游走的吞噬细胞。西埔湾港养斑鰶Ⅰ龄鱼初次性成熟,生殖季节从12月下旬至翌年3月下旬,生殖盛期为2月,雌鱼成熟系数高达17.88％。个体绝对生殖力为7575～72621粒,平均 35310粒,系属于分批产卵类型,第1批生殖力大于第2批。     

球孢白僵菌对桃蚜生殖力的影响

室内测定了球孢白僵菌三个菌株对桃蚜生殖力的影响。运用生命生殖力表分析了该菌对桃蚜种群的控制能力。结果表明,成蚜被白例题菌感染后至死亡前的生殖率下降不明显,但成 陆续死亡导致感染病群体的繁殖量下降,最后导致感病桃蚜的内增长能力不同程度的下降,但下降幅度不大。感病成所产后代能正常存活和发育。试验结果显示球孢白僵菌对桃蚜种群的控制作用有一定的局限性。     

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia

Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g^–1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.     

中华花鳅的繁殖生物学特性研究

探究中华花鳅(Cobitis sinensis)的繁殖生物学特性,可为其人工增养殖和资源保护利用提供科学依据。2017年11月至2018年5月,在贵州境内舞阳河施秉段采集中华花鳅样本381尾,以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,将样本解剖后进行性别鉴定和性腺分期。结果表明,舞阳河中华花鳅体长(L)为58.9~100.2 mm,体重(W)为2.0~13.7 g,年龄在1~4龄。381尾样本中,性别不可辨样本有23尾,雄248尾,雌110尾,性腺发育至IV期最多。经肉眼观察发现,中华花鳅的精巢和卵巢均可分为6期,有70尾雌鱼性腺发育达到IV期,其绝对繁殖力(F)为542~2 865粒,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为6.6~28.6粒/mm,体重相对繁殖力(FW)为99.8~490.7粒/g;绝对繁殖力(F)、体长相对繁殖力(FL)均与体长(L)、体重(W)、净体重(W0)、性腺重(W1)、成熟系数(GSI)之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01),体重相对繁殖力(FW)与性腺重(W1)、成熟系数(GSI)之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。实地调查发现,中华花鳅的产卵场主要在砂质底质、水质清新、水流较缓、水草丰富的浅水区,繁殖期为5-8月,繁殖高峰期为5月中旬至6月上旬。研究显示,中华花鳅的繁殖力较低,繁殖高峰期时间较短,低龄化严重,亟需对其进行资源保护和系统研究。     

锦鲤成熟系数及个体生殖力的研究

对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpiod)的成熟系数和个体生殖力进行了研究。结果显示:雌、雄锦鲤成熟系数变化规律基本一致,成熟系数在5月下旬达到最高值。2+~5+龄锦鲤个体绝对生殖力F与其年龄A、体长L、体重W呈直线相关,回归方程分别为:F=67054A+61567(R2=0.8419,P<0.01),F=8588.4L+24969(R2=0.9217,P<0.01),F=315.33W-9688.8(R2=0.9631,P<0.01)。