落叶果树韧皮部提取DNA的方法研究

探讨了从木本果树韧皮部提取DNA的方法。结果表明，采用该法提取DNA，步骤简单，产率高，质量优，PCR效果好，适用于RAPD分析。     

一种简单快速的DNA提取方法在水稻上的应用

采用了一种简单快速的DNA提取方法来提取水稻DNA,并用提取的DNA进行了PCR扩增。结果表明,该方法提取DNA不需要碾磨、离心等步骤,通过简单的加热、稀释等操作便能制备100个PCR反应的DNA模板,1h能提取96个样品的DNA。本研究成功地将该方法用于水稻SSR分析、白叶枯抗病基因Xa21的分子标记辅助育种和不育系纯度鉴定等方面。     

板蓝根中靛蓝和靛玉红的提取及其质量分数的测定

采用直接比色法测定板蓝根中靛蓝、靛玉红的质量分数。对靛蓝、靛玉红在240～700nm波段进行扫描，确定其最大吸收波长分别为601和531nm。分别通过单因素试验和正交试验，确定提取靛蓝、靛玉红的最佳工艺参数。结果表明，乙醇体积分数为75％时，靛蓝和靛玉红的提取物得率最高；提取时间为4h时，靛蓝和靛玉红的提取物得率最高。正交试验确定的最佳提取工艺参数为：药材粒度40目，提取时间4h，乙醇体积分数75％，此时，提取物得率达1．74%。     

棉花叶片的叶绿素含量测定

本文探讨了田间试验中大量棉花样品的叶绿素含量测定方法，以解决通常采用的分光光度法费工，耗时，易引起离体叶绿素的分光分解而造成误差之弊端。对目前报导的混合液提取法可行性进行研究，指出其测定光密度值偏高，不适用Ａｒｎｏｎ公式计算。在比较几种方法的基础上，提出测定棉花叶片叶绿素含量的丙酮溶液浸提法。     

In Vitro Bioactivity of Astaxanthin and Peptides from Hydrolisates of Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) By-Products: From the Extraction Process to Biological Effect Evaluation,as Pilot Actions for the Strategy “From Waste to Profit”

Non-edible parts of crustaceans could be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid astaxanthin and peptides, which have well-recognized beneficial effects. These compounds are widely used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, and their market is rapidly growing, suggesting the need to find alternative sources. The aim of this work was to set up a pilot-scale protocol for the reutilization of by-products of processed shrimp, in order to address the utilization of this valuable biomass for nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals application, through the extraction of astaxanthin-enriched oil and antioxidant-rich protein hydrolysates. Astaxanthin (AST) was obtained using “green extraction methods,” such as using fish oil and different fatty acid ethyl esters as solvents and through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), whereas bioactive peptides were obtained by protease hydrolysis. Both astaxanthin and bioactive peptides exhibited bioactive properties in vitro in cellular model systems, such as antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities (IA). The results show higher astaxanthin yields in ethyl esters fatty acids (TFA) extraction and significant enrichment by short-path distillation (SPD) up to 114.80 ± 1.23 µg/mL. Peptide fractions of <3 kDa and 3–5 kDa exhibited greater antioxidant activity while the fraction 5–10 kDa exhibited a better ACE-IA. Lower-molecular-weight bioactive peptides and astaxanthin extracted using supercritical fluids showed protective effects against oxidative damage in 142BR and in 3T3 cell lines. These results suggest that “green” extraction methods allow us to obtain high-quality bioactive compounds from large volumes of shrimp waste for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.     

宽体金线蛭不同工艺提取物的抗凝溶栓活性比较研究

宽体金线蛭（Whitmania pigra）具有抗凝溶栓的药理作用,但其药效受提取工艺的影响。为全面评价并筛选出合适的提取工艺,本试验采用脱脂、水提、酸提和酶解等不同工艺制备了14种提取物,并对提取物的抗凝活性、纤溶活性与体外溶栓活性进行分析。结果表明,脱脂胃蛋白酶酶解提取物的抗凝血酶活性显著高于其他提取物,且具有较强的纤溶活性和体外溶栓活性;仿生酶解提取物具有较强的抗凝血酶活性和体外溶栓活性;脱脂仿生酶解提取物具有较强的纤溶活性和体外溶栓活性;脱脂加热的水提提取物具有较强的纤溶活性和体外溶栓活性。脱脂胃蛋白酶酶解提取物中,分子量小于3 kDa的多肽具有较强的抗凝血酶活性和纤溶活性。此外,三个水提提取物、仿生酶解物、脱脂仿生酶解物和粗酶酶解提取物对纤维蛋白原的α肽链均具有溶解作用。综上所述,宽体金线蛭提取物均具有抗凝溶栓的药理作用,酶解提取物优于水提提取物和酸提提取物,脱脂处理有利于活性物质的提取,其中胃蛋白酶酶解提取物效果最佳,并且脱脂胃蛋白酶酶解物的小分子多肽成分具有最佳的抗凝血酶活性和纤溶活性。本试验结果为进一步开发利用宽体金线蛭的药理作用提供了理论依据。     

基于局部建模方法的卧式柔性清土辊性能优化

针对基于整体建模的卧式柔性清土辊性能优化方法存在仿真成本高的问题,该研究提出一种局部预测整体的建模方法,既降低仿真计算量,同时可以对柔性清土辊进行优化设计。首先,提取柔性清土辊的最小结构特征,并基于几何相似性原理构建整体性能预测模型。其次,基于离散元法（Discreteelementmethod,DEM）与多柔性体动力学（multi-flexible-bodydynamics,MFBD）耦合仿真技术优化求解最小特征结构的最优作业性能。最后,依据预测模型估算柔性清土辊的整体性能。柔性清土辊的清土率和阻力矩与其刷片数量的线性拟合决定系数分别为0.987和0.99。基于局部建模方法和EDEM-RecurDyn耦合技术建立最小特征结构与土壤互作模型,其接触计算量仅为整体建模方法的8%左右。前进速度、安装角、轴向长度和叶片锥角对最小特征结构和刷片的作业性能影响显著,仿真优化结果分别为0.3 m/s、30°、50 mm和0°。上述条件下最小特征结构的清土率和阻力矩为36.87%、18.91 N·m,单个刷片的清土率和阻力矩为2.80%和2.78 N·m,最小特征结构的物理试验结果与仿真结果的相对误...     

动物油脂热压联合提取装置设计与试验

提高病死畜禽胴体中的油脂提取率是实现病死畜禽进一步资源化的关键,为此该研究设计了一种动物油脂热压联合提取装置。首先基于静力学和热传递分析,结合动物油料特性,对关键部件压力机构和油脂提取机构进行了设计,并对加热、加压和可编程控制系统分别进行了关键参数设计和设备选型,最后选取板油进行了装置性能试验,并对提取的油脂进行了黏度测试。结果表明：在70～150℃范围内,单独温度和热压联合两种油脂提取方法的最佳温度均为130℃,在此温度下油脂提取率最高分别可达到59.15%和81.35%。相同温度下,热压联合油脂提取率较单独温度作用最高可提升31.21个百分点。减小油料规格对单独温度作用可明显提高油脂提取率,而对热压联合油脂提取率无明显影响。在高于130℃试验温度下进行热压联合油脂提取,能够达到油脂完全提取效果,所提取油脂在70～150℃温度范围内测得黏度为0.004～0.091 Pa·s,符合工业用润滑油黏度标准。     

IMPACT OF SALT STRESS ON MICRONUTRIENTS IN CORDYLINE FRUTICOSA VAR. ‘RED EDGE'

This trial was carried out to study the influence of the nutrient solution on the microelements concentration and distribution in C. fruticosa var. ‘Red Edge' plants. Four treatments were tested: T₁ [control, 1.5 dS m^?1, 14.3 mmol L^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl)], T₂ (2.5 dS m^?1, 22.2 mmol L^?1 NaCl), T₃ (3.5 dS m^?1, 32.7 mmol L^?1 NaCl) and T₄ (4.5 dS m^?1, 38.2 mmol L^?1 NaCl). In roots and stems, iron (Fe) concentrations were lower in the no saline treatment. Stems accumulated more Fe with treatments T₃ and T₄. Copper concentration and extraction were not affected by salinity. The highest manganese (Mn) concentration in roots was observed in T₂, while in petioles was higher in T₃ and T₄. Manganese extraction reached higher levels in the saline treatments in roots and stems, while in petioles it was lower in T₁, T₂ and T₃. In roots, zinc (Zn) concentration was lower with the extreme treatments. Micronutrients concentration in leaves was unaffected by salinity, because an exclusion mechanism that consists on accumulation in roots and stems was developed.     

Behavior of iron‐supplying materials in incubated calcareous soils 1

Two Fe chlorosis‐inducing calcareous soils were incubated for up to 5 months, at room temperature and field capacity, with Fe‐EDDHA, Fe‐DTPA, FeSO₄, an amino acid chelate “Fe‐Metalosate”;, an oxide “Micronized‐Iron”;, and a precipitated Fe‐S compound “Iron‐Sul”;. Other treatments included DTPA chelate alone, elemental S and H₂SO₄ at comparable rates. Both water‐soluble, and DTPA‐extractable Fe fractions were measured periodically from each sample. All water‐soluble sources decreased with time. Soluble Fe was highest after Fe‐EDDHA addition but was not detectable after “Fe‐Metalosate”; and FeSO₄. Acidification to neutralize CaCO₃ significantly increased DTPA‐extractable Fe, which remained high with increasing incubation time. “Micronized‐Iron”; and S had only a slight effect on DTPA‐ extractable Fe. Though Fe‐EDDHA is the most efficient Fe material, pelleted acidified Fe sources, i.e., “Iron‐Sul”;, may be more economical for some crops in the long term.