水稻细菌性条斑病发生及流行因子分析

人工接种及病区调查研究结果表明，在种植感病品种情况下，气温决定了水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与否和潜育期的和短衣病斑长度；病害发生的最低温为１２℃，发病最适温度为２５－３０℃以上，而湿度决定此病发病率及严重度。结合主成分分析，该病在田间的流行取决于温度／湿度及降雨量。台风暴雨造成的伤口有利于病害的流行。     

Classical swine fever in The Netherlands 1997-1998: a description of organisation and measures to eradicate the disease

The central and regional organisation of the campaign to eradicate the CSF epidemic in the Netherlands in 1997/1998 is described. The main instruments used in the campaign were based on stamping-out and movement restrictions specified by the European Union. Additional instruments were used for the first time, namely, pre-emptive culling of contact and neighbouring farms, compartmentalisation of transport, monthly serological screening in established surveillance areas and supervised repopulation of all farms in the former surveillance zone. Two other measures, the killing of very young piglets and a breeding ban were introduced to reduce production in established surveillance zones. Several factors complicated the eradication campaign, for instance, the late detection of the first infection; artificial insemination as a source of infection; the organisation of pig farming in the Netherlands, with its highly concentrated production and dependence on the transport of stock from one unit to another; insufficient rendering capacity; decreasing sensitivity of clinical inspection; and extremely high costs.     

Neighbourhood infections of classical swine fever during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands

Data of the 1997–1998 epidemic of classical swine fever (CSF) in The Netherlands were analysed in survival analysis to identify risk factors that were associated with the rate of neighbourhood infections. The study population consisted of herds within 1000 m of exclusively one previously infected herd. Dates of virus introduction into herds were drawn randomly from estimated probability distributions per herd of possible weeks of virus introduction. (To confirm the insensitivity of the results for this random data-selection procedure, the procedure was repeated 9 times (resulting in 10 different datasets).) The dataset had 906 non-infected and 59 infected neighbour herds, which were distributed over 215 different neighbourhoods. Neighbour herds that never became infected were right-censored at the last date of the infectious period of the infected source herd. Neighbour herds that became empty within the infectious period or within the following 21 days due to preventive depopulation or due to the implemented buying-out programme were right-censored 21 days before the moment of becoming empty. This was done as a correction for the time a herd could be infected without being noticed as such.

The median time to identified infection of neighbour herds was 2 weeks, whereas the median time to right censoring of non-infected neighbour herds was 3 weeks. The risk factors, radial distance ≤500 m, cattle present on source herd and increasing herd size of the neighbour herd were associated multivariably with the hazard for neighbour herds to become infected. We did not find an association between time down wind and infection risk for neighbour herds. Radial dispersion of CSFV seemed more important in neighbourhood infections than dispersion along the road on which the infected source herd is situated. The results of this study support the strategy of preventive depopulation in the neighbourhood of an infected herd. Recommendations are presented to adapt the applied control strategy for neighbourhood infections.     

四川省苍溪县暴发嗜群血蜱的研究

为了解嗜群血蜱在苍溪县的分布与危害、宿主种类、季节活动规律、群体生态形成的原因及一些生物学特性，采用宿主体检蜱法、拖旗法、布旗覆盖法采集动物体表和野外环境的蜱，对其进行了形态鉴定和药物防制试验。结果显示，苍溪县嗜群血蜱的流行面达97．4％，人感染率53．8％，动物感染率7．7％～100％；嗜群血蜱的寄生宿主有15种，主要活动期为4～9月份；吸血后引起叮咬部位皮肤丘疹、红肿、瘙痒，甚至感染溃烂，伤口愈合后痒痛和色素斑可持续数月。依据上述结果提出了防控嗜群血蜱的建议。     

Isolation and Identification of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Immune Efficacy of Its Inactivated Vaccine

This study was aimed to isolate a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and prepare a PEDV inactivated vaccine with high valence by suspension culture process for immunizing against PEDV effectively in China.200 small intestines and theirs contents of diarrhea piglets died of diarrhea,collected from many large-scale pig farms in China,were detected by RT-PCR and sequenced,a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was selected and put on the suspension-cultured Vero cells in a 2 L reactor for virus isolation and continuous cell culture,the harvested virus suspension,which was identified and determined TCID₅₀,was inactivated by formaldehyde and mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant to prepare PEDV inactivated vaccine.After its physical behavior,stability viscosity,sterility test were checked out,the safety and immune efficacy were studied by immunizing the pregnant pigs and theirs piglets.The results were as follows:86 samples were detected positive in 200 samples,cytopathy occurred after the mutant strain samples screened were passaged to 5th generation,the virus suspension was harvested in 10th generation and identified as a mutant strain of PEDV,named PEDV-GF10 strain.The virus titer of harvested virus suspension was measured up to 1×10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL after concentrated.After the vaccine was checked out,the sows,40 and 25 days before delivery in experimental groups,were injected into Xuehai acupoint with 4 mL vaccine and the pigs in blank group were free of immunifications.The results showed that there were no obvious differences in the production status of the sows in experimental groups and blank group and the temperature of theirs 3-day-old healthy piglets injected different doses of vaccine,and the vaccine was safe to the sows and piglets.Forty 3-day-old piglets producted by pregnant sows in experimental groups and blank group were randomly selected and taken 4 mL 1×10^8.0TCID₅₀/mL F10 virus culture.The PEDV morbidity of piglets in blank group was 100% after injection and the antibodies were negative;10% piglets in blank group had mild diarrhea symptoms,the protection rate was up to 90%,antibody of passive immunity in piglets lasted for more than 35 days.Virus titer of mutant strain of PEDV-GF10 improved a lot by suspension cell culture,the PEDV-GF10 inactivated vaccine was safe,and could effectively prevent and control the variation strain of PEDV in China.     

抗猪流行性腹泻病毒单克隆抗体的研制及其特性鉴定

以新生乳猪增殖猪流行性腹泻病毒（ＰＥＤＶ）,通过蔗糖密度梯度离心将其纯化,获得较为完整的病毒颗粒。病毒ＥＬＩＳＡ效价为１∶３×１０５,蛋白含量为３．９６ｇ／Ｌ。将提纯的ＰＥＤＶ免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,取免疫鼠脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,融合率为９５．６％。用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ进行筛选,共检出３８个阳性孔,阳性率为２８．８％。对其中１５个阳性值较高的孔进行３次再克隆,阳性率达１００％,最后获得１５株稳定分泌特异性抗ＰＥＤＶ单抗（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞。ＥＬＩＳＡ阻断试验与交叉试验证明,其分泌的抗体具有高度特异性。腹水和细胞培养上清的ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１∶１０３～１∶１０６和１∶１２８～１∶５１２。经鉴定,１５株ＭｃＡｂ的分子类型均为ＩｇＧ,均无免疫沉淀特性。杂交瘤细胞的染色体数目为９０～１１０,平均９５。尤为重要的是,这些杂交瘤细胞所分泌的抗体,有的对ＰＥＤＶ具有中和作用,能够阻断病毒对猪只的侵害作用。     

Predicting the spread of postharvest disease in stored fruit,with application to apples

Postharvest diseases can cause considerable damage to harvested fruit in controlled atmosphere storage. Since there is a large cost associated with opening the storage rooms, regular assessment of damage levels is not feasible, and many experts agree on the need for a reliable predictive model. Presented here is a simulation model that predicts the overall incidence of disease in a bin of stored fruit as a function of initial infection levels and the fruit's susceptibility to fungal attack. Uninfected fruit tissue, infected fruit tissue, and fungal growth are modelled by a system of three ordinary differential equations. Simulations of the growth and spread of the pathogen in storage were conducted, with disease incidence measured monthly. The model provides insight into the dynamics of postharvest fungal disease, and forms the basis of a predictive model that could be used by packinghouses to determine how long a given crop of fruit can be stored before the infection risk rises above a predetermined tolerable level.     

温室野蛞蝓的发生规律及综合治理技术的研究

本文介绍了温室有害软体动物野蛞蝓ＡｇｒｉｏｌｉｍａｘａｇｒｅｓｔｉｓＬ．的习性和危害特点，进行了综合防治试验。结果证明，填实育苗营养袋间的空隙防治效果达８９％；地面撒布呋喃丹３％颗粒剂，施用量８．３ｇ／ｍ２，防治效果达８０％～９５％，方法可行，利于推广。     

生态学文献作者分布及其增长规律研究

学科研究人员数量是学科发展的重要指标,学科文献作者数量的分布及其增长规律反映了学科人员数量的变化。文章采用扩散系数和平均拥挤度两个指标,分析了生态学文献作者的分布特点;并根据指数曲线模型时间常量的计量学特点进行了生态学及其分支学科的文献作者增长规律分析。结论是,生态学文献作者按各分支学科分布具有聚集特性;平均拥挤度从1998年后明显逐年增加;15个分支学科文献作者人次符合指数增长规律;所得模型的时间常量与实际增长率没有差别。     

2018-2020年中国部分省市猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因的监测及遗传变异分析

【目的】 调查中国规模化猪场猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)的流行情况。【方法】 利用RT-PCR检测方法对2018-2020年采集于全国11个省市318个规模化猪场的2 391份样品进行PEDV核酸检测,对30份阳性样品进行S1全基因扩增与测序,并利用MegAlign、Mega 7.0等软件进行分析。【结果】 2018-2020年,猪场PEDV核酸阳性率分别为48.57%、10.96%和4.72%,样品PEDV核酸阳性率分别为28.97%、8.27%和7.50%,猪场和样品PEDV核酸阳性率呈现逐年下降的趋势。S1基因相似性分析显示,获得的30株毒株全部为GⅡ基因型,其中17株毒株为GⅡa基因亚型、5株毒株为GⅡb亚型、8株毒株为GⅡc亚型,GⅡa基因亚型毒株为2018-2020年流行的主要毒株类型;30株毒株S1基因序列之间核苷酸相似性为93.0%~99.5%, 氨基酸相似性为91.7%~100%,其中22株毒株与2017-2018年流行的GⅡ基因型毒株相比S1氨基酸序列表现出特征性插入和缺失。【结论】 本研究结果为监测和分析中国PEDV的变异和演化提供了临床数据,为猪流行性腹泻防控和疫苗研制提供了参考。