水稻适雨灌溉对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,观测分析了水稻适雨灌溉和常规灌溉2种模式下稻田CH_4和N_2O的季节排放情况,评估了水稻适雨灌溉对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响。结果表明,适雨灌溉稻田CH_4、N_2O排放峰值分别出现在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期,整个生育期CH_4、N_2O平均排放通量分别为16.77 mg/(m~2·h)、6.64μg/(m~2·h),适雨灌溉稻田CH_4、N_2O排放量较常规灌溉显著下降(p0.05),分别下降了74.47%和67.06%。水稻适雨灌溉通过合理利用雨水资源,减少灌溉次数及灌水量,显著降低了稻田CH_4和N_2O的排放。     

单栋塑料温室内多因子综合CFD稳态模拟分析

为分析单栋塑料温室内的综合环境:气流场、温度场、湿度场、CO2浓度场,建立了包括温室内外空间、室内作物和土壤层等的温室环境几何模型。将温室内的湿空气看作水蒸气、CO2和干空气的混合气体,在分析温室中太阳辐射、作物与环境的质热交换,动量及质能传递过程的基础上,对单栋塑料温室内的环境因子进行了稳态模拟。温室内热辐射传递过程采用蒙特卡罗法模拟方法;将室内作物简化为连续固体换热模型,采用剪应力输运模型(SST)表述温室内的空气紊流。结果显示:温室通风对温度、湿度和CO2分布的影响很大,温室内部上风向温度低,湿度小,同时CO2浓度也不高;温室下风向作物冠层的环境未达到优化状态;模型的预测值低于实测值,但变化规律相似,温度、湿度、CO2含量的预测相对误差分别低于8%、6%和7%。     

高架栽培配套基质自动移动摊铺机设计与试验

针对现有高架栽培中的基质摊铺作业仅靠人工完成、劳动量极大等现状,设计了集基质运送、箱内出料、双侧分料落料和均匀摊填为一体的高架栽培配套基质自动移动摊铺机。根据栽培高架设施结构参数和基质流动特性测定结果,提出了基于少量人工操控介入的自动作业式基质架间双侧浮动移动摊铺方案,并设计了箱内折弯出料机构、双侧落料与架上摊平机构等关键部件,解决了箱内基质向上均匀出料及出料-排料协调难题,并实现了对高架竖直方向较大尺寸误差的补偿。完成了参数定型和样机开发,并进行了性能试验验证。试验结果表明,该机实现了330 m2/h的双侧4槽基质精量摊铺作业,能满足100 mm高度误差的仿形作业,4个槽内基质深度相对误差仅分别为7.72%、6.75%、9.33%和9.66%,各槽内基质深度平均误差仅2.01 mm,达到较好的4槽基质平均和均匀摊铺效果。该机为实现高架栽培的机械化配套作业提供了装备支持。     

农产品追溯标识双向转换设备研究

条码、RFID等已成为追溯系统中产品标识的重要手段,实现不同标识间的快速转换已成为追溯环节无缝衔接的基础。在分析现有追溯系统标识特点的基础上,设计了集成工业控制器、RFID读写模块、嵌入式打印模块、条码扫描模块的农产品追溯标识双向转换设备,突破了RFID-条码转换中的二维条码动态加密技术,构建了条码-RFID转换中的控制流程,实现了标识读取、双向转换、标识打印、状态监测等功能。利用设计的设备进行了不同转换内容和转换数量下的双向测试,结果表明在RFID-条码的转换中转换成功率均达到了100%;在条码-RFID的转换中随着转换数量的增加、转换内容的增多,转换成功率存在下降趋势。2种转换方式下,转换时间均随转换数量和转换内容增多存在增加趋势。设备可满足加工包装过程中不同包装载体标识跟踪与信息记录的需求。     

沼气中CO2化学吸收传质性能分析与传质系数建模

以气相总体积传质系数为指标,在乱堆鲍尔环填料吸收塔内研究了乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)、三乙醇胺(TEA)和哌嗪(PZ)4种典型吸收剂对模拟沼气中CO_2的吸收传质性能,考察了吸收剂浓度、吸收剂温度、吸收剂体积流量、CO_2负荷、气体流量与CO_2分压的影响,并建立了MEA、DEA和PZ的气相总体积传质系数的计算经验模型。结果表明,相同吸收剂浓度条件下,PZ具有最优的CO_2传质性能,MEA和DEA次之,TEA最差。随着吸收剂浓度的增加,除TEA外,其他3种吸收剂的气相总体积传质系数均大幅增加,填料塔出口CO_2体积分数大幅下降,且MEA在3.27 mol/L时可获得最高的气相总体积传质系数(1.37 kmol/(m~3·h·k Pa));提升吸收剂体积流量、吸收剂温度、气体流量及降低吸收剂初始CO_2负荷均可有效增加吸收剂的气相总体积传质系数,但CO_2分压变化对气相总体积传质系数影响不显著。最后,建立了MEA、DEA和PZ吸收剂的气相总体积传质系数的计算经验公式,且气相总体积传质系数的试验值与计算值之间的绝对平均误差均小于14%。     

浅谈推算和预测宏观尺度土壤N_2O释放量的方法

土壤是N2 O的最主要释放源 .本文综述了根据局部地区土壤N2 O释放观察结果 ,推算和预测宏观尺度土壤甚至全球土壤N2 O释放通量变化和年释放量的方法 ,评述了各类方法的优缺点 ;并着重讨论了释放过程机理模型的应用 .     

A yield-independent, 15N-isotope dilution method to estimate legume symbiotic dependence without a non-N2-fixing reference plant

The proportional contribution of atmospheric N₂ to the N nutrition of lupin (P _atm) was estimated in a field experiment following addition of NH₄Cl of KNO₃ to unconfined microplots (1.5 m²) at 2.5 g N m^-2 (10 atom% ¹⁵N). The integrated ¹⁵N enrichment, or mean pool abundance, of nitrate extracted from 0- to 15-cm samples taken under the lupin crop on eight occasion between 28 and 190 days after sowing was used as the reference criterion to estimate P _atm by the ¹⁵N-isotope dilution technique. Estimates of P _atm were similar to those obtained using canola as a non-fixing reference plant, but were higher than estimates obtained using a yield-dependent model. Use of mean pool abundance obviates the need for a non-fixing reference plant, and the frequent sampling and isotope-ratio analysis of the legume biomass required with the yield-dependent model is unnecessary. However, further work is needed to validate a sampling strategy commensurate with the growth of the legume roots.     

酞酸酯类增塑剂对土壤─作物系统的影响

本研究揭示了酞酸酯类增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）在土壤中的持留动态,降解动力学特征及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明：试验温度越低,ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ的持留性越强;ＤＥＨＰ在土壤中的持留性受温度的影响程度比ＤＢＰ更为突出。随土壤水份含量增加,代停工物持留性降低,二者在土壤中的降解可用一级反应动力学方程Ｃ＝Ｃ０ｅ＾－ｋｔ进行描述（Ｃ０初始浓度,Ｋ速度常数,ｔ时间）。ＤＥ     

Effect of successive cuttings on uptake and partitioning of 15N among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala

Summary We studied the effect of three successive cuttings on N uptake and fixation and N distribution in Leucaena leucocephala. Two isolines, uninoculated or inoculated with three different Rhizobium strains, were grown for 36 weeks and cut every 12 weeks. The soil was labelled with 50 ppm KNO₃ enriched with 10 atom % ¹⁵N excess soon after the first cutting. Except for the atom % ¹⁵N excess in branches of K28 at the second cutting, both the L. leucocephala isolines showed similar patterns of total N, fixed N₂, and N from fertilizer distribution in different parts of the plant at each cutting. The Rhizobium strain did not influence the partitioning of ¹⁵N among the different plant parts. Significant differences in ¹⁵N enrichment occurred in different parts. Live nodules of both isolines showed the lowest atom % ¹⁵N excess values (0.087), followed by leaves (0.492), branches (0.552), stems (0.591), and roots (0.857). The roots contained about 60% of the total plant N and about 70% of the total N derived from fertilizer over the successive cuttings. The total N₂ fixed in the roots was about 60% of that fixed in the whole plant, while the shoots contained only 20% of the fixed N₂. We conclude that N reserves in roots and nodules constitute another N source that must be taken into account when estimating fixed N₂ or the N balance after pruning or cutting plants. ¹⁵N enrichment declined up to about fivefold in the reference and the N₂-fixing plants over 24 weeks following the ¹⁵N application. The proportion and the amounts of N derived from fertilizer decreased, while the amount derived from N₂ fixation increased with time although its proportion remained constant.     

淹水土壤中久效磷的降解及消失动态

本试验在实验室模拟土壤淹水条件下,研究微生物对久效磷残留及降解的影响。结果表明:在未经灭菌的土壤中,久效磷及其降解物的消失比在灭菌土壤中快,相应的回归方程为C_WT=5.4502e~(-0.0254)t,C_YT=5.8509—0.0423t,残留半衰期分别为27.3和69.2天。久效磷在淹水土壤中降解为甲醇可抽提态和不可抽提态残留物,对甲醇可抽提态残留物经TLC和红外光谱分析表明,其降解物为磷酸三酯、N-去甲基久效磷、O,O-二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯,0-去甲基久效磷,以及O,C-去甲基久效磷,但主要为磷酸三酯,其含量由母液中的5％增加到28—83％,这种降解过程,在未灭菌土壤中比在灭菌土壤中快。