Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

淹水条件下氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥养分缓释特性

采用直接淋洗和淹水培养间歇淋洗两种方法评价氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥的养分缓释特性。结果表明,对氨酸法生产有机无机复混肥造粒,有直接减缓其有机和无机养分释放的效应。在等氮水平下,不同种类有机无机复混肥累积淋失的氮量明显不同,且与淋失的有机碳量没有明显的相关关系,表明有机与无机养分的配比比例影响肥料的氮释放特性。在本研究中,造粒对氨酸法生产的有机和单一无机氮复混肥中氮养分的缓释效果最差,而对氮钾比为2∶1的两种肥料中有机和无机养分的缓释效果均相对较好。     

北京市繁殖猪舍高温环境控制状况

高温是影响猪繁殖性能的重要环境因素。为了缓解北京市繁殖猪的热应激,于2009年对北京市猪舍的建筑类型、降温方式进行了调查,对常见猪舍外墙类型的隔热指标进行了计算评价,并对繁殖猪舍内温度进行了测试,结果表明：北京市猪舍建筑类型调查样本中,有窗封闭式、半开放式和温室大棚式猪舍的比例分别为74.0%、23.7%和2.3%;繁殖猪舍的降温方式中,通风降温和以水为媒介的降温方式各占50%左右;在现有猪舍外墙构造类型中,外贴聚苯板内砌砖的复合墙体的隔热性能最好。北京市夏季繁殖猪舍内温度与舍外变化趋势基本一致,多数时间内舍内温度高于舍外。最后,提出北京市目前繁殖猪舍的高温环境调控建议。     

不同前处理方法对秸秆金属元素原子吸收光谱分析结果的影响

秸秆中金属元素是关系农作物秸秆科学利用的重要组成部分,目前还没有统一的秸秆中金属元素原子吸收光谱(atomic absorption spectroscopy,AAS)测定方法标准,该研究采用原子吸收光谱测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中金属元素含量,比较了不同前处理方法对样品中K、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mg分析结果的影响。结果表明:微波消解、干法灰化和湿法消解测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质中金属元素含量差异性显著(P<0.05),微波消解比干法灰化、湿法消解准确度高。微波消解对玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中各金属元素的影响与黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质趋于一致。微波HNO3与微波HNO3-H2O2测定结果差异性不显著(P>0.05),微波HNO3比微波HNO3-H2O2和微波HNO3-H2SO4测定结果稳定。微波HNO3是进行秸秆样品金属元素含量测定时较准确简便的前处理方法。     

保护性耕作对小麦-土壤系统综合效应研究

采用长期定位试验与短期田间试验相结合的方法,通过室内化验分析和数理统计,研究了河南省不同土壤类型区保护性耕作对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量碳氮及小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及交换性钾含量,分别提高24.8%、14.3%、7.8%和24.8%;而对小麦增产效果并不显著。4种不同保护性耕作方式下,免耕、浅耕相比旋耕、深耕,提高小麦穗数15.0%～32.2%,提高穗粒数2.6%～12.6%,但4种处理间小麦千粒重及籽粒产量效果无显著差异;免耕、浅耕较旋耕、深耕可以一定程度上提高苗期和灌浆期土壤含水率、以及土壤碱解氮和有效磷,并显著提高小麦不同生育时期的土壤微生物生物量碳氮。免耕与浅耕是较为适宜河南省小麦生产及土壤可持续利用的保护性耕作方式。     

SUSTAINABLE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BIOENERGY BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Commercial fertilizer (particularly nitrogen) costs account for a substantial portion of the total production costs of cellulosic biomass and can be a major obstacle to biofuel production. In a series of greenhouse studies, we evaluated the feasibility of co-applying Gibberellins (GA) and reduced nitrogen (N) rates to produce a bioenergy crop less expensively. In a preliminary study, we determined the minimum combined application rates of GA and N required for efficient biomass (sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) production. Co-application of 75 kg ha^?1 (one-half of the recommended N rate for sorghum) and a modest GA rate of 3 g ha^?1 optimized dry matter yield (DMY) and N and phosphorus (P) uptake efficiencies, resulting in a reduction of N and P leaching. Organic nutrient sources such as manures and biosolids can be substituted for commercial N fertilizers (and incidentally supply P) to further reduce the cost of nutrient supply for biomass production. Based on the results of the preliminary study, we conducted a second greenhouse study using sweet sorghum as a test bioenergy crop. We co-applied organic sources of N (manure and biosolids) at 75 and 150 kg PAN ha^?1 (representing 50 and 100% N rate respectively) with 3 g GA ha^?1. In each batch of experiment, the crop was grown for 8 wk on Immokalee fine sand of minimal native fertility. After harvest, sufficient water was applied to soil in each pot to yield ～1.5 L (～0.75 pore volume) of leachate, and analyzed for total N and soluble reactive P (SRP). The reduced (50%) N application rate, together with GA, optimized biomass production. Application of GA at 3 g ha^?1, and the organic sources of N at 50% of the recommended N rate, decreased nutrient cost of producing the bioenergy biomass by ～$375 ha^?1 (>90% of total nutrient cost), and could reduce offsite N and P losses from vulnerable soils.     

Density separation of soil organic matter across three land uses in calcareous soils of Iran

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of physical and chemical fractionation in quantifying soil organic matter (SOM) in different stabilized fraction pools. Soil samples from three land use types in Lorestan province, Southwest Iran were examined to account for the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen in different SOM fractions. Size/density separation and chemical oxidation methods were applied to separate the SOM fractions including particulate organic matter (POM), Si + C (silt and clay), DOC (dissolved organic C), rSOM (oxidation-resistant organic carbon and nitrogen) and S + SA (sand and stable aggregates). The values obtained for TOC, TN, and HWC were highest in forest lands followed by the range and agricultural lands. Among the SOM fractions, S + SA showed the highest values (5.75, 5.77 and 20.6 g kg^?1 for agriculture, range and forest lands respectively) followed by POM, Si + C, rSOM, and DOC. The concentrations of C and N in the labile fractions obtained the higher values than in the stabilized fractions. Forest lands had the highest amounts of organic C and N among all fractions whereas agricultural lands showed highest values for inorganic C content of soils in different fractions.     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

玉米产量潜力及超高产物质积累途径优化分析方法

作物产量潜力估计对于作物生产及超高产创建具有重要的理论指导意义。本文以玉米品种‘先玉335’为试验材料,于2005—2013年在吉林省3个不同生态类型区(乾安县、公主岭市和桦甸市)布置密度试验进行玉米超高产研究,利用获取的田间试验资料结合FAO-AEZ模型提出了一种基于优化模式的玉米产量潜力估计方法,解决了FAO-AEZ模型中收获指数常数的选择问题,并进一步建立玉米超高产生产中干物质积累途径分析方法。结果表明,玉米的产量与描述其干物质积累过程的Logistic方程参数密切相关,所建关系模型达到极显著水平(P0.01),并通过2012年和2013年实际产量统计检验;基于非线性优化理论,利用所建产量关系模型估算出乾安县和桦甸市的产量潜力,较FAO-AEZ模型潜力估计值年平均提高17.5%和16.1%;以实际生产数据作为约束条件,进一步求出乾安县、公主岭市和桦甸市产量达到15 000 kg·hm-2时的最低种植密度分别为7.7万株·hm-2、8.2万株·hm-2和7.9万株·hm-2,同时求出各生态区相应的干物质积累参数和各生育阶段的干物质积累量指标,为玉米超高产栽培播前决策和生育期调控提供理论依据。本文分析结果可作为吉林省玉米产量潜力估计及高产与超高产创建的理论依据,所建模型及相关分析方法也可作为其他地区作物产量潜力估计的参考。