Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

土壤有机结合态锌的分级及其活性的研究

用 pH9.5 0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7和 H_2O_2有效地将土壤有机态锌区分为松结有机态及紧结有机态。松结有机态对负荷水平、培养时间及土壤 pH 等环境因子的反应较紧结有机态更为敏感;同时松结有机态锌对活性锌的贡献远远大于后者。土壤中松结有机态锌与紧结有机态锌的相互转化是直接影响土壤锌的营养供应或污染致毒程度的重要缓冲体系之一。     

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除

【目的】 头孢洛宁为第一代半合成头孢菌素类抗生素,对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有良好的抗菌活性,临床以每个乳区250mg用于治疗亚临床感染引起的乳房炎。头孢洛宁通过与敏感菌的青霉素结合蛋白相结合,从而阻断细菌细胞壁的合成,达到抑制细菌生长的目的。笔者开展头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除规律研究,以期为该药的合理使用和乳品安全生产提供指导。【方法】 选取20头进入干乳期的健康奶牛,每个乳区分别注入一支头孢洛宁乳房注入剂。平均干乳期为50 d,奶牛产犊开始泌乳后的6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h,将每头奶牛每次采集的4个乳区的奶混合。采用Phenomenex Luna C18（150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm）。以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱程序洗脱,流速0.25 mL/min,柱温为35℃,进样量为5.0 μL。头孢洛宁采用电喷雾离子源（ESI）离子化,正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式（MRM）,电喷雾电压（IS）为4kV,雾化气压力（GS1）为55psi,气帘气（CUR）为15 psi,辅助气流速（GS2）为35psi,离子源温度（TEM）为600 ℃;定量离子对为m/z→459.4/337.3。样品自然解冻,取5 g牛奶,置于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL乙腈,涡旋混匀2min,在10℃条件下10 000 r/min离心10 min。将上清液用15 mL75%乙腈水溶液重复提取一次,合并两次的提取液,并加入10 mL乙腈饱和的正己烷,震荡1 min,弃掉正己烷,把提取液移至100 mL鸡心瓶中,在40℃用旋转浓缩仪旋转蒸发除去乙腈。向已除去乙腈的样品溶液中加入20 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液,然后用氢氧化钠溶液调节至pH8.5。将样品提取液以3 mL/min的流速通过HLB固相萃取柱,先用5 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液洗涤鸡心瓶并过柱,再用2 mL水洗柱。用2 mL乙腈洗脱,收集洗脱液于刻度样品管中,在40℃下用氮气浓缩仪吹干,用2 mL水溶解残渣,摇匀后,过0.22 μm滤膜,取样供LC-MS/MS检测。【结果】 头孢洛宁在2—200 μg·kg ^-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.991—0.997之间。该方法检测限为0.5 μg·kg ^-1,定量限为2 μg·kg ^-1。头孢洛宁在2、20、40和200 μg·kg ^-1四个添加水平上的平均回收率为73.60%—103.52%,批内变异系数为1.85%—10.41%,批间变异系数为3.41％—8.97%。结果表明,该方法的回收率和变异系数满足残留检测定量分析要求。使用头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂的初产奶牛,在产犊后96 h低于定量限。经产奶牛在产犊36 h低于定量限,24h均低于MRL。 【结论】 头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干奶期）按推荐剂量4个乳区（250 mg/乳区）给药后,其产犊泌乳后牛奶中的弃奶期为24 h。     

百花山山地土壤中有机质的垂直分布规律

本文测定了北京百花山山地典型土壤剖面各发生层的有机质含量、腐殖酸组分、可见光谱,利用相关分析方法计算了有机质与海拔高度之间的相关系数。结果表明:有机质与海拔高度的相关系数为0.94,,呈显著相关水平;各剖面土壤腐殖质分析结果表明,该山地土壤的HA/FA值、E4/E6值随着海拔高度的升高而呈现上升趋势。     

风速对盆栽苋菜蒸腾及物质积累的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了2.0 m·s-1、1.0 m·s-1、0.4 m·s-1、0.0 m·s-1风速下风速气象因子对苋菜蒸腾耗水及生长的影响.结果表明:温室内盆栽苋菜的蒸腾速率及日蒸腾量受不同风速影响的表现相似,差异不显著,整体看来,蒸腾速率和日蒸腾量以1.0 m·s-1风速处理最大,0.4 m·s-1风速处理和对照次之,最大风速2.0 m·s-1处理最小.采用逐步回归分析了不同风速处理下盆栽苋菜的蒸腾速率、日蒸腾量与气象因子的相关关系,发现不同风速处理蒸腾速率与光照强度的正相关性最强,2.0 m·s-1风速处理的蒸腾速率与温度的正相关性次之,而其他处理的蒸腾速率与相对湿度呈显著负相关;日平均温度是影响各处理日蒸腾量的主要因素.盆栽苋菜的物质积累曲线表明,风速1.0 m·s-1处理的物质积累量最大,2.0 m·s-1处理最小.风速处理对温室盆栽苋菜的地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重以及根冠比均有极显著影响,且1.0m·s-1与2.0m·s-1风速间差异极显著.干物质重受风速影响显著,1.0 m·s-1处理干重最大.风速处理对盆栽耗水量和水分利用效率的影响未达显著水平,但1.0m·s-1风速处理的水分利用效率最大.     

Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop trees in a tropical dry forest

Silvicultural treatments are often needed in selectively logged tropical forest to enhance the growth rates of many commercial tree species and, consequently, for recovering a larger proportion of the initial volume harvested over the next cutting cycle. The available data in the literature suggest, however, that the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree growth is smaller in dry forests than in humid forest tree species. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates of future crop trees (FCTs; i.e., trees of current and potentially commercial timber species with adequate form and apparent growth potential). The study was carried out in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia where a set of 21.25-ha plots were monitored for 4 years post-logging. Plots received one of four treatments that varied in intensity of both logging and silvicultural treatments as follows: normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture; and, unlogged controls. The silvicultural treatments applied to FCTs involved liberation from lianas and overtopping trees. Results showed that rates of FCT stem diameter growth increased with light availability, logging intensity, and intensity of silvicultural treatments, and decrease with liana infestation degree. Growth rate increment was larger in the light and intensive silvicultural treatment (22–27%). Long-lived pioneer species showed the strongest response to intensive silviculture (50% increase) followed by total shade-tolerant species (24%) and partial shade-tolerant species (10%). While reduced-impact logging is often not sufficient to guarantee the sustainability of timber yields, application of silvicultural treatments that substantially enhanced the growth rates of FCTs will help move the management of these forests closer to the goal of sustained yield.     

氮肥运筹对桂两优2号干物质生产及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】以广西超级稻品种桂两优2号为材料,研究不同氮肥运筹方式对其干物质生产及氮肥利用率的影响。【方法】进行田间试验,设置3个施氮水平,分别为0（N0）、210（N1）和255（N3）kg/ha,两种施氮比例分别为基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2（F1）和4：3：3（F2）,共计5个处理（N0、F1N1、F1N2、F2N1和F2N2）,测定不同处理下桂优2号干物质积累及氮肥利用率。【结果】施氮显著增加了桂两优2号不同生育期干物质积累量,且F2N1和F2N1处理在穗后干物质增加量及其对产量贡献率上均显著高于其他处理;桂两优2号各生育期吸氮量随施氮量的增加而提高,施肥方式F2更有利于桂两优2号对氮素的吸收;相同施肥条件下,F2处理的产量和氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）、氮肥农学利用率（NAE）和氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）均较F1处理有所增加,F2N2处理产量最高,但与F2N1处理差异不显著,而F2N1处理的NPFP、NAE和NRE均达到最高水平。【结论】施氮量210kg/ha（N1）、施氮比例为基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3（F2）处理,可在晚稻实现桂两优2号高产高效,其产量达8170.2kg/ha,NPFP、NAE和NRE分别为38.9kg/kg、12.6kg/kg和41.5%。     

不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响

为探索不同种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运与分配特征及产量的影响,选用大穗型小麦品种农大1108为试验材料,研究在大田生产中主要的4种种植方式(穴播、撒播、窄幅条播和宽幅条播)对冬小麦花后各器官干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,4种种植方式下花后各器官的干物质积累量变化趋势基本一致,且均表现为窄幅条播显著高于其他3组处理;窄幅条播主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产;与宽幅条播相比,窄幅条播花后营养器官干物质积累量及干物质在籽粒中的积累量分别增加45.59%和19.44%;与穴播和撒播相比,窄幅条播产量分别提高17.25%和11.39%;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为穴播最高,达到80.26%。不同种植方式对冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率影响不大,表现为各处理间千粒重差异不显著。     

自制环保酵素改善土壤肥力试验研究

[目的]环保酵素由鲜蔬果厨余垃圾发酵而成,它具有很多活性酶和微生物菌群。探讨其改善土壤肥力的效应。[方法]试验土样为学校花圃土,用自制环保酵素稀释液浇灌花盆土土壤,测定全氮和有机质含量变化,并依据第二次全国土壤普查的土壤养分分级标准,评价环保酵素改善土壤肥力水平。[结果]随着浇灌时间的延长,环保酵素可以逐渐提高土壤全氮和有机质含量;而且土样中全氮和有机质含量随环保酵素的稀释比变化,稀释比越大,增加的越多。经过28 d的浇灌,在环保酵素和水体积比为1∶800时,全氮和有机质含量最高,分别为27.46和49.33 g/kg,土壤养分均达到一级水平。[结论]该研究可为餐厨垃圾的利用和土壤改良提供指导。