水稻落粒性的研究进展

落粒性是野生稻适应自然环境和保持群体繁衍的重要性状,落粒性的丧失是水稻驯化过程中的一个关键事件。落粒程度既直接影响水稻的产量,也影响其对现代化机械收割方式的适应性。本文综述了近年来水稻落粒性的研究进展,包括水稻落粒的生理基础、落粒性基因的定位与克隆,以及调控落粒性的分子机理。     

不同驯食方式对鳜鱼胃肠道消化酶活性的影响

在水族箱中,对用建立摄食条件反射过渡法驯化和饥饿后直接驯化法驯化的鳜鱼胃肠道中消化酶活性的变化,进行了比较测定．结果表明：胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶的活性随投饲和摄食活动而变化．投饲后,鳜鱼体内胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活性缓慢上升;而摄食后,食物进入消化道,胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活性则迅速升高．在摄食条件下,消化道类胰蛋白酶的活性高于胃蛋白酶．条件反射组的类胰蛋白酶活性、驯化率和生长比速均显著高于直接驯化组,从而说明采用条件反射法驯化比较符合鳜鱼的生理变化规律     

无公害花鲈淡水健康养殖技术

本文主要介绍了无公害花鲈淡水养殖的环境要求、苗种选择与培育、成鱼池塘养殖及病虫害防治技术等。     

鳜胃蛋白酶基因外显子7上SNP检测及其与食性驯化相关分析

本研究旨在探寻胃蛋白酶(pepsinogen,PEP)基因的等位基因及其基因型在不同食性驯化表型鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)群体中的分布情况.通过2周食性驯化,挑选出最易驯化和最不易驯化的2组,提取各组鳜鳍条组织DNA,采用PCR产物直接测序法(direct sequencing,DS)、限制性片段长度多态...     

花斑裸鲤在３种环境中的驯化养殖试验

首次报道了黄河上游特有鱼类花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)在池塘、流水池、网箱中人工驯化养殖试验情况。395g/尾的花斑裸鲤855尾,经过170d的池塘驯养,成活778尾,驯养成活率91.0%,均重450g/尾,平均增重55g/尾,增重率13.9%;378g/尾的花斑裸鲤405尾,经过180d的流水池驯养,均重530g/尾,平均增重152g/尾,增重率40.2%,成活308尾,驯养成活率76.0%;345g/尾的花斑裸鲤2029尾,经过14个月的网箱驯养,均重500g/尾,平均增重155g/尾,增重率44.9%,成活1002尾,驯养成活率49.4%。野生花斑裸鲤驯养试验平均总成活率为72.1%。寄生虫病是导致花斑裸鲤成活率偏低的主要原因。驯养试验对黄河上游土著鱼类的人工繁育和增殖保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

海南黑山羊引种和圈养驯化操作技术

根据本场多年饲养经验,总结海南黑山羊引种、隔离、驯化等操作技术,以期能解决养殖户在引种、驯化过程中存在的误区,避免不必要的损失。     

盐化幅度、速度及方式对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长和存活率的影响

本研究测定了盐化幅度(3/d、6/d、9/d、12/d和15/d)、盐化速度(1、3、6、12和18 h/次)和盐化方式(前期盐化、中期盐化、后期盐化和间隔盐化)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾生长发育、活力和存活率的关系。研究结果显示,不同盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式均显著影响盐化标粗过程中仔虾的生长发育、活力和存活率(P<0.05)。综合考虑生长性能、苗种活力和存活率等因素,最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,在该盐化幅度范围内,仔虾存活率可达74.07%~78.83%;盐化幅度超过9/d时,仔虾存活率显著下降(P<0.05),其中,盐化幅度达到15/d时,存活率仅为43.37%。过快的盐化速度导致存活率和活力显著下降,盐化速度>1 h/次时,仔虾死亡率接近50%;随着盐化速度的放缓,仔虾生长速度加快,盐化速度为6~18 h/次时,生长速度维持稳定,日增重量为1.48~1.51 mg。在盐化方式方面,后期盐化和间隔盐化时,苗种的质量和存活率优于前期盐化和中期盐化,仔虾活力表现为间隔盐化>后期盐化>中期盐化>前期盐化。综合考虑,仔虾的最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,最佳盐化速度为6~12 h/次,后期盐化和间隔盐化更有助于仔虾保持较好活力和较高存活率。本研究通过探讨凡纳滨对虾苗种盐化标粗的最适盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式,丰富了凡纳滨对虾高盐环境抗逆性研究,为凡纳滨对虾苗种的盐化标粗生产实践提供了理论支持。     

湘华鲮引种驯养及繁育技术研究

2007～2009年,从沅江、资江采用三种不同捕捞方法,共获得野生湘华鲮Sinilabeo decorus tungting (Nichols) 252尾,分别在三种不同水域中进行驯养,结果成活率为,池塘驯养27%,水泥池水流驯养78.8%,江河网箱驯养77.5%,三种不同捕捞方法驯养成活率分别是,电捕93.8%,刺网捕60.8%,电打+鹭鸶捕42.6%。人工繁殖所获亲鱼,在18批次催产中有16批次为野生亲本,2批次为人工驯养亲本。18批次共催产亲鱼37尾,有19尾产卵,催产率为51.4%,其中人工驯养鱼催产5尾,产4尾,催产率为80%,催产共计产卵35.6万粒,受精率在51%～88%,孵化出苗17.68万尾。在四种催产药物中,通过多种组合试验,结果为（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)+PG (1.5个/kg)）、（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)）和（LRH-A2 (6 μg/kg)+HCG (800 IU/kg) + DOM (3 μg/kg)）3种药物组合效果较好。苗种培育,经三种不同培育模式试验,其水泥池成活率为25.8%,江河网箱68.4%,土池21.7%;起水均重为,池塘7.8g/尾,江河网箱5.1g/尾,水泥池6.0g/尾,各池湘华鲮苗种起水总重量,水泥池1550g,江河网箱3500g,池塘1700g。     

Domestication of plants for sustainable agriculture in drylands: Experience from the Negev Desert

With globalization in the last century, introduction of exotic plant species for commercial use has become more accessible. Such attempts may involve extreme land changes. We stress that domestication of native species should be preferred to the introduction of exotic species. We took the initial steps in domesticating several species by examining commercial uses and studying aspects of plant physiology. The following desert plants were considered: Bassia indica, for salt phytoremediation and for livestock feed; Commiphora gileadensis, as an agent against cancer cells; Artemisia sieberi and A. judaica, as plants with allopathic traits; Ficus palmate, as a stand for fig plantation; Balanites aegyptiaca, as a medicinal plant and for other uses; Portulaca oleracea and Scorzonera judaica, as food crops with added values; and Pistacia atlantica, as rootstock for P. vera.     

Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture

The agricultural world today is dominated by a few domesticated mammal species, that is, animals modified from their wild ancestors through selective breeding in captivity for traits beneficial to human usages. As a result, a clear dichotomy exists between wild (from hunting) and domesticated mammals (produced in farms) used for human consumption. Similar to agriculture, aquaculture is often viewed as the only solution that can provide more fish products given that harvesting wild stocks have reached an upper limit. Aquaculture is considerably younger than agriculture relying on natural sources to farm numerous species. To better describe the diverse strategies for fish production, we propose a new classification comprising five levels of ‘domestication’ with 1 being the least to 5 being the most domesticated. Our classification places 70% of the 250 farmed finfish species recorded in the 2009 FAO database into levels 1, 2 and 3 representing a transitory form of fish production dependent on the availability of the wild resource. In contrast, only a few species, or more accurately populations, can be considered truly domesticated, similar to cattle or sheep. Based on this classification, two scenarios for the future of aquaculture are discussed: either the industry focuses on few truly domesticated species, similar to the path taken by agriculture, but avoiding its negative impacts or aquaculture proceeds with inter‐specific diversification by focusing primarily on the domestication of native species.