Experimental oral transmission of largemouth bass virus

Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is a recently discovered iridovirus that causes a fatal disease of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède). Fish can become infected by waterborne LMBV, but oral transmission of this virus has not been demonstrated previously. Largemouth bass were gavaged with guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, which had been injected with LMBV, and then sampled periodically during a 7‐week observation period. The dose of LMBV averaged 10^5.6 tissue culture infectious doses – 50% cytopathic endpoint (TCID₅₀) per largemouth bass. Five of 24 largemouth bass exposed to LMBV became infected with the virus, but none of the fish had clinical signs typical of LMBV disease. Virus titres in largemouth bass were highest in swim bladder (10^5.5–9.5 TCID₅₀ g^?1) and were 10^5.2 TCID₅₀ g^?1 or lower in cutaneous mucus, head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen, gonad and intestine. These results indicate that LMBV can be transmitted orally to largemouth bass, but further study is needed to determine the factors affecting pathogenicity of the virus.     

禾本科植物内生真菌研究11:黄山景区禾本科植物内生真菌的检测与分布

2006至2008年的夏季,从黄山景区海拔500-1600m处,采集至少23个属的631株禾本科植物,通过镜检,其中的内生真菌检出率为39%.内生真菌的分布与宿主植物的种类、宿t植物的地理分布类型等有关,拂子茅植物的检出率高达67%.在所调查的6个地理分布类型中,内生真菌大量分布在北温带分布的植物类型中.从短柄草中发现了香柱菌(Epichloe sp.),其子座等形态学特征与欧洲菌株存在很大差异,这是我国新报道的第2例有性型内生真菌.     

永春牛姆林青钱柳天然林群落区系成分分析

对福建永春县牛姆林自然保护区中青钱柳天然林群落植物区系成分的研究,结果表明:该群落中共有维管束植物39科58属66种,其中双子叶植物27科43属49种,是区系成分的重要组成部分 该群落种子植物属共有11个分布类型,其中,热带成分有36属,占78 26%,其中又以泛热带分布、热带亚洲分布为多;温带成分6属,占13 04%;中国特有成分仅青钱柳一属     

垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究

对垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量进行了田间试验.结果表明,灌水定额为400 m³/hm²时,沟底土壤水分的垂直运动明显增大.当灌水定额增加100 m³/hm²时,土壤水分水平运动高于垂直运动.沟底土壤全盐量受灌水定额影响明显:在灌水阶段,沟底表层土壤发生脱盐现象.土壤蒸发阶段,土壤发生积盐现象.垄顶土壤含盐量相对稳定,基本不发生向下运移.重度水分亏缺(处理T1,灌溉定额为1 700 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.49,1.35 kg/m²,中度水分亏缺(处理T2,灌溉定额为2 100 m³/hm²)垄沟积盐量分别为1.42,1.12 kg/m²,充分灌水(处理T3,灌溉定额为2 500 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.32,0.83 kg/m²,畦灌措施使0~100 cm土壤发生脱盐现象,脱盐量为1.29 kg/m².垄作沟灌下,制种玉米产量为2 765.1~4 619.5 kg/hm²,WUE为0.755~0.969 kg/m³.穗长(L_s)、穗粗(d_s)、行粒数(N_R)与作物产量呈显著正相关关系.     

遥控喷杆喷雾机设计与试验

针对大田蔬菜种植病虫害防治需求,利用高地隙四轮转向液压底盘,设计一种遥控喷杆喷雾机。采用PID控制算法设计液压驱动系统和变量施药系统。液压驱动系统通过对比实时采集的实际车速和轮速计算各轮滑转率,以理想滑转率为控制目标进行实时动力分配;变量施药系统根据实时采集的实际车速和预设的目标单位面积施药量换算目标流量,以目标流量为控制目标进行实时喷雾流量调节。在韭菜田进行不同车速下的性能考核试验,结果表明：滑转率最大的车轮为左前轮,滑转率均值为6.14%,能稳定在理想滑转率范围内;滑转率最小的左后轮是轮上载荷最大的车轮,滑转率均值为0.76%,显著小于其他车轮;喷雾作业雾滴沉积率均值为93.4%,变异系数为21.6%,变量施药系统随速调节功能良好,但作业质量随着车速增加而略有下降。该喷雾机可为大田蔬菜种植智能化植保机械的研制提供参考。     

湖北省福寿螺分布调查

对湖北省福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)分布地区进行了调查,并确认福寿螺在湖北省的北缘分布地区为宜昌市夷陵区黄柏河—远安县洋坪镇(凤凰村)—荆州市沙市区八岭山镇(童桥村)—潜江市渔洋镇(排湾村)—孝感市孝南区三汊河镇(龙岗村)—武汉市黄陂区前川街(下石村)—英山县红山镇(东汤河村)一线,纬度30°~31°,其中最北端分布地区为远安县洋坪镇,东经111°34′57.97″,北纬31°11′3.36″。湖北省福寿螺分布地区的立地条件均同时具备一定深度水体(深10 cm以上)和一定深度的淤泥(深10 cm以上),且可能覆盖度较高的水生植被更有利于福寿螺越冬。讨论了福寿螺对环境的适应能力和福寿螺北缘分布地区继续北移扩展的可能性问题。长江上游地区及湖南省福寿螺资源不仅增加湖北省福寿螺为害风险,而且增加湖北省福寿螺的防控压力。     

压实对土壤应力分布的影响仿真分析

机械土壤压实是保护性耕作急需解决的难题之一,了解压实土壤内部应力分布是减轻机械土壤压实的关键研究之一.采用离散单元法对车轮土壤压实过程进行了仿真模拟,结果表明:压实后不同耕深的土壤硬度增大,随深度变化明显,且随着土壤压实次数增多,土壤颗粒接触力增大,纵向影响域加深;车轮前3次通过,土壤硬度增加趋势明显,超过3次后土壤硬度虽有增加,但是增加程度不明显,层深为15 cm时,压实3次的土壤硬度相比没压实的增加了155.2％,而压实6次比压实3次仅增加了22.9％.研究成果对田间耕作管理措施的制定以及行走机构的优化设计提供了参考.     

U形渠道流速分布特性分析与试验

依据室内试验和田间实测资料,分析了U形渠道水流流速分布特性,建立了U形渠道水流横向流速分布指数律、垂向流速分布双幂律,给出了相关参数的确定方法,并提出了基于U形渠道水流分布规律的明渠测流计算断面中线“三点法”.实测资料验证表明:中线“三点法”在室内不同工况计算流量相对误差均在±4％范围内;除个别测点外,现场实测计算流量相对误差也在±5％范围内,说明中线“三点法”计算精确.与流速-面积法需9个测点相比,中线“三点法”节省了60％以上的测流工作量.     

典型草原建群种长芒草(Stipa bungeana)在中国的潜在分布范围预测及主要影响因子分析

以广泛分布在中国北方典型草原的建群种长芒草为研究对象,利用Maxent模型对长芒草在中国当前及未来气候变化下的潜在分布区进行预测并对主要影响其分布的环境变量进行分析,结果表明,采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)对模型精度进行检验所得到的训练数据与测试数据的受试者工作特征曲线面积(areaunder ROC curve,AUC)分别为0.962和0.950,表明模型预测结果可靠,当前中国长芒草高适宜性分布区主要有5个,分别为黄土高原分布区、泰山-沂蒙山分布区、横断山分布区、藏南谷地分布区及天山分布区。在RCP2.6(representative concentration pathways 2.6)和RCP8.5(representative concentration pathways 8.5)两种气候情景模式下预测得到的2070年长芒草最适宜的潜在分布区有逐渐缩小的趋势。Jackknife检验对主导环境变量的筛选结果显示,影响长芒草分布的主要环境变量有地形粗糙度指数(terrain roughness index,tri)、9月降水量(precipitation 09,prec09)、气候湿度指数(climatic moisture index,topowi)、2月最高温度(maximum temperature 02,tmax02)、12月降水量(precipitation 12,prec12)和12月平均温度(average temperature 12,tavg12)。结果可为气候变化背景下中国典型草原的可持续管理提供科学依据。     

Spatial variation of tracer distribution in a structured clay field soil

Within the sensitive soils of the River Oder Basin (E Brandenburg, Germany), chloride‐tracer transport was studied with respect to soil‐surface conditions of the well structured clayey topsoil (disturbed vs. undisturbed) and irrigation mode (flooding vs. sprinkling). The spatial variation of chloride and dye distribution was sampled in a regular grid within different soil depths. Different methods were used for the analysis of spatial heterogeneity: a heterogeneity index HI derived from fitting parameters of the cumulative distribution function, semivariogram analyses to identify the spatial representativity of observations and to classify the spatial variation, and Spearman's rank correlations to examine the spatial similarity of tracer distribution across different soil depths. Soil aggregation was obvious throughout the soil profile, and macropores and fractures were preferred flow paths for the tracer. Flood irrigation resulted in more “uniform” distribution than sprinkling did. However, preferential flow was identified for all treatments, where, once established below the surface layer, flow paths led to heterogeneity indices manifesting nonuniform flow and reduced lateral mixing between macropores and soil matrix. Within the flooded plot, spatial structure of chloride concentration was moderate unlike the strongly structured variation within the sprinkled plots. For purposes to generalize and to assess regional risk of the water and solute transport within the topsoil of the River Oder Basin, spatial autocorrelation ranges of about 15 cm should be considered and included into concepts of soil protection and land‐use management, soil‐sampling strategies, or modeling approaches.