犬甲状腺机能减退并发糖尿病的中西医结合诊疗

犬甲状腺机能减退是由于甲状腺功能异常而引起甲状腺激素分泌不足或合成减少导致犬的内分泌紊乱的一类综合性疾病。长期的甲状腺激素分泌不足,可能继发糖尿病的发生。通过对1例患犬临床症状表现为全身被毛稀疏,多饮多尿多食,双眼白内障等,结合实验室检查(血常规、生化、甲状腺功能检查),总甲状腺(T4)<6.5,参考范围15 nmol/L^50nmol/L,血糖(GLU)20.7 mmol/L,参考范围3.9 mmol/L^8.0 mmol/L,确诊为甲状腺机能减退并发糖尿病。经补充左甲状腺素片治疗甲状腺机能减退,同时用胰岛素控制血糖,再结合中药和针灸辅助治疗病情得到缓解,为临床诊疗该类病提供了参考。     

利用烟草表达重组人胰岛素原的初步研究

按植物偏爱密码子设计合成了228 bp带his-tag(6×his)人胰岛素原基因(hmins),随后构建了植物双元表达载体p35S::hmins(骨架质粒是pCAMBIA2300),通过冻融法导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105制备工程菌,用农杆菌介导法转化烟草叶盘.经卡那霉素(50 mg·L-1)筛选获得98株抗性植株,PCR和southern blotting分析确认获得了6株独立转基因烟草,hmins在转基因烟草基因组中的拷贝数介于2-4;RT-PCR和western blotting分析结果表明,hmins在转基因烟草中成功表达(转录和翻译水平);ELISA结果显示,hmins在转基因烟草叶片中表达量为0.5～1.1μg·g-1·FW.该研究为植物源胰岛素研制做了必要的前期准备.     

栀子苷的降糖作用和对PPARγ受体的激活

葡萄糖消耗试验表明,栀子苷能显著促进前脂肪细胞对葡萄糖的吸收。小鼠荷糖试验和四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖试验证实,栀子苷具有剂量依赖性降低小鼠餐后血糖及糖尿病高血糖的作用。通过基于PPARγ受体信号通路的报告基因诱导表达试验,发现栀子苷在体内外的降糖功效,可能与过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体γ的激活有关。     

实验性猕猴1型糖尿病模型的建立及评价

7～10岁健康猕猴15只,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组5只,分别按照100、125、150mg/kg的剂量一次性静脉注射链脲菌素,连续观察血糖、血浆C肽和胰岛素浓度的动态变化,观察期15周.结果:与注射链脲菌素前比较,注射后1周,Ⅰ组猕猴血糖浓度明显升高,血浆C肽和胰岛素浓度显著下降(P＜0.01),随后趋于正常水平,而Ⅱ、Ⅲ组猕猴血糖浓度明显升高并在随后的时间内持续维持在高水平,血浆C肽和胰岛素浓度持续维持在低水平(P＜0.001),Ⅲ组动物至15周全部死亡.结论:按照125mg/kg的剂量一次性给猕猴静脉注射链脲菌素,可成功复制1型糖尿病动物模型,其维持高血糖和低胰岛素及C肽浓度至少15周.     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血脂水平和血浆PAI-1活性的影响

目的观察罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血脂水平和血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1(PAI-1)活性的影响。方法60例2型糖尿病患者随机分为常规治疗组和罗格列酮治疗组,每组30例,另选择20例健康体检者作为正常对照组。常规治疗组和罗格列酮治疗组分别于治疗前和治疗后12周检测空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂水平,采用发光底物法测定全部观察对象的PAI-1的活性。结果治疗12周后罗格列酮治疗组的血清甘油三酯(TG)下降、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)升高,血浆PAI-1活性明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论罗格列酮可改善糖尿病患者的代谢紊乱,减少血浆PAI-1的表达,有助于改善或延缓糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化的发生。     

缬沙坦联用吲达帕胺缓释片对2型糖尿病伴高血压左心室肥厚及舒张功能的影响

目的观察缬沙坦联用吲达帕胺缓释片对2型糖尿病伴高血压左心室肥厚及舒张功能的影响。方法2型糖尿病伴高血压左心室肥厚及舒张功能不全患者120例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各60例。对照组服用缬沙坦80mg,每日1次;观察组服用缬沙坦80mg及吲达帕胺缓释片1.5mg,每日1次。所有病例观察20周,主要观察药物降压疗效、对左心室肥厚及左心室舒张功能的影响。结果缬沙坦和吲达帕胺缓释片联用比单用缬沙坦的降压效果更好。疗程结束后,观察组的舒张末期室间隔厚度及舒张末期左心室后壁厚度的改善程度明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论缬沙坦与吲达帕胺缓释片联用能有效的降低2型糖尿病伴高血压左心室肥厚及舒张功能不全患者的血压、逆转左心室肥厚及改善左心室的舒张功能。     

Effect of sitagliptin on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus and underlying mechanism

AIM: To explore the effect of sitagliptin (SLT) on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The T2DM rat model was established by high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). The model rats were treated with SLT at 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg and nicotinamide[NAM; an non-specific inhibitor of sirtuin (SIRT) family] at 500 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose was measured, and the tissue proteins were determined by the methods of Western blot and immunochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and NLRP3 expression were significantly induced, while the protein level of SIRT3 was downregulated by T2DM (P<0.05). SLT inhibited the pyrpotosis of diabetic rat cardiomyocytes, downregulated the expression of NLRP3, and upregulated the expression of SIRT3 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). All the function of SLT (30 mg/kg) was reversed by the treatment with NAM (500 mg/kg). Compared with control group, the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and NLRP3 expression were significantly induced, while the protein level of SIRT3 was not regulated by NAM (500 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: SLT exerts the inhibitory effect on the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by diabetes, and the mechanism is related to the SIRT3/NLRP3 signaling pathway.     

Rocuronium infusion: A higher rate is needed in diabetic than nondiabetic dogs

Objective

To determine the infusion rates that maintain the train-of-four (TOF) ratio within 20–70% in dogs and compare the infusion rates between diabetic and nondiabetic dogs.