典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

中国北方土石山区植被恢复及其生态效应研究进展

植树造林是建设美丽中国、推进生态文明建设、改善民生福祉的具体行动,是实现绿水青山就是金山银山的具体措施。北方土石山区植被稀少、土壤贫瘠、气候干旱、灾害频发,加之人类不合理的生产活动,使得区域内植被破坏严重,导致一系列生态与环境问题,形成大片岩石裸露地,水土流失严重,植被恢复是此区域生态恢复的关键。本文就目前北方土石山区植被恢复的研究现状及当前研究存在的问题进行了总结与评述,包括植被恢复中植被配置模式及造林技术的选择、影响植被恢复的环境因子、植被恢复的生态效应。讨论了不同树种配置及造林技术对造林成活率的影响,指出树种多样化、合理调控树种水分利用是土石山区植被恢复成功与否的关键。通过对土壤肥力、水分、地形及地带性差异对植被恢复的影响,以及植被恢复的水文、水土保持、土壤环境和生物多样性效应的讨论,发现土石山区植被恢复过程中,植被与环境之间相互影响、相互促进,加快了区域生态系统结构与功能的恢复与提升。同时发现土石山区内植被变化的地形效应研究相对缺乏,土壤养分对植被恢复的影响机制也还未明确。最后针对土石山区植被恢复过程中存在的树种选择不合理、研究时间尺度较短及数据资料有限、植被恢复经济效益研究不足等问题,提出筛选优良乡土树种搭配种植、建立植被演替长期定位监测网络、进行植被恢复综合效益监测与评价、明确植被对极端气候的响应机制,是下一步土石山区植被恢复工作中应重视和解决的重要问题。     

Factors Associated with Grassland Bird Species Richness: The Relative Roles of Grassland Area, Landscape Structure, and Prey

The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model (adj-R² = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey.     

浅议文化造园

首先分析当前文化造园存在的一些问题,包括漠视园林文化和歪曲传统文化的现象,继而指出文化造园需要了解场地、尊重历史,其发展与丰富依赖于人与风景在时间长轴上的共同作用、不断积淀;最后以南宁孔庙植物景观和贵港龙蝠山庄假山的设计为例,简明阐释了在园林设计过程中如何结合实际、因地制宜,有效传承、发扬中国传统园林植物文化和山水文化.     

浅谈“绿葬”的主要形式及其植物配置

随着中西方墓园形式的趋于生态化和人们思想观念的转化。"绿葬"作为一种新型的丧葬形式逐渐为人们所接受与应用,并迅速发展,前景良好。现对"绿葬"的概念和形式做以简要介绍,列举了树葬、鲜花葬、草坪葬等绿葬形式在墓园规划设计中的具体应用方法,对此种新型丧葬形式的发展前景作出了简要分析,并详细阐述了各种形式在规划设计中植物种类的选择和配置,以期对现代生态墓园建设提供参考和有意义的启示。     

雨水花园的植物选择

通过论述雨水花园的分类,雨水花园的水流特征和污染物特征,雨水花园植物选择的原则,总结部分适用于雨水花园的湿生、水生植物种类,并针对雨水花园不同的类型,提出植物配置的一些方法。     

A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management

Freshwater research and management efforts could be greatly enhanced by a better understanding of the relationship between landscape-scale factors and water quality indicators. This is particularly true in urban areas, where land transformation impacts stream systems at a variety of scales. Despite advances in landscape quantification methods, several studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) and water quality have resulted in mixed conclusions. However, these studies have largely relied on compositional landscape metrics. For urban and urbanizing watersheds in particular, the use of metrics that capture spatial pattern may further aid in distinguishing the effects of various urban growth patterns, as well as exploring the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic variables. However, to be truly useful for freshwater applications, pattern metrics must be optimized based on characteristic watershed properties and common water quality point sampling methods. Using a freely available LULC data set for the Santa Clara Basin, California, USA, we quantified landscape composition and configuration for subwatershed areas upstream of individual sampling sites, reducing the number of metrics based on: (1) sensitivity to changes in extent and (2) redundancy, as determined by a multivariate factor analysis. The first two factors, interpreted as (1) patch density and distribution and (2) patch shape and landscape subdivision, explained approximately 85% of the variation in the data set, and are highly reflective of the heterogeneous urban development pattern found in the study area. Although offering slightly less explanatory power, compositional metrics can provide important contextual information.     

茭白黑粉菌不同培养形态及能谱分析

将茭白灰茭内的黑粉菌厚垣孢子放置在PSA培养基上培养,结果表明:茭白黑粉菌能够在PSA培养基上完成其生活史,但形成菌丝体及厚垣孢子需要较长的时间;X-EDS分析发现不同培养形态之间的原子比值存在差异,其中采集的与培养的厚垣孢子差异明显.     

乡村公园植物配置方法研究——以北碚静观乡村公园为例

从现状入手,探讨乡村公园植物选材、植物配置的基本原则和方法,分析其中存在的一些误区。并结合自身设计的北碚静观乡村公园中几个具有特色的景区特点,进一步探讨乡村公园如何通过植物配置来体现乡村的特色。