Drying Kinetics and Quality Characteristics of Slightly Salted Grass Carp Fillets by Hot Air Drying and Vacuum Microwave Drying

Salted grass carp fillets were dried by hot air drying (HD, at 35 and 45°C) and vacuum microwave drying (VMD, at 1, 4, and 7 W/g) to a final moisture content. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum microwave drying greatly reduced drying time. The rehydration rate constant of salted grass carp fillets dried by microwave vacuum drying at 7-W/g microwave intensity was significantly higher than that of the hot air drying at 35 and 45°C. Compared with hot air drying, the vacuum microwave dried samples had a higher crude fat content (dry basis). The lightness of the samples dried by vacuum microwave drying was higher, and the yellowness was lower than those dried by hot air drying. The drying methods had no significant effect on the hardness and springiness.     

高pH值对中华绒螯蟹抗氧化能力及虾青素沉积的影响

为了揭示高pH对河蟹体色的潜在影响,探讨了高pH胁迫下河蟹虾青素和抗氧化能力的变化。将河蟹饲养于6个规格为18 m2的水泥池中,养殖用水为沙滤河水(pH 7.5~8.0)。将其中三个水泥池的水用1 mol/L Na OH调pH至9.0~9.5。分别于pH调整后的2、24、48、96、192 h时采集河蟹血淋巴和头胸甲,分析头胸甲中虾青素含量、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)。结果表明:pH胁迫后96 h内河蟹头胸甲中虾青素含量显著下降(P0.05),96 h后虾青素含量趋于稳定;血清SOD、CAT、T-AOC呈现先上升后下降的趋势,SOD和CAT均在胁迫48 h后与对照组差异不显著,T-AOC在胁迫192 h时与对照组差异不显著。实验结果表明高pH胁迫会导致河蟹氧化应激,从而使河蟹体色变差。     

福寿螺对不同颜色光的趋避效应初探

采用不同颜色（即不同波长）的光对福寿螺（Ampullaria gigas）进行室内照射试验,分析探讨了不同壳色福寿螺的趋避效应。结果发现,黄壳螺较黑壳螺对光更为敏感,橙色和红色光对黄螺有明显的驱避效应,黄螺对黄色光趋向性最高;红色光对黑螺有明显的驱避效应,黑螺对绿光和蓝光的趋向效应更为明显。研究结果可为利用灯光对稻田福寿螺进行物理防控提供一定的科学依据。     

二次杀菌条件对凡纳滨对虾软烤虾品质的影响

通过基于栅栏效应的工艺将凡纳滨对虾加工成高水分软烤虾,对产品进行二次杀菌,测定不同杀菌条件下软烤虾的色泽、质构、p H值、感官品质,并判定是否处于商业无菌状态。结果表明,随着杀菌温度的增加,L*值、a*值与b*值均呈现下降趋势,随杀菌时间增加,L*值略有下降,a*值与b*值略有上升。杀菌温度上升,硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性在一定范围内先上升再下降;而粘附性一直上升,内聚性一直下降但变化相对较小,最大剪切力的整体趋势也下降。杀菌时间增加,硬度、粘附性与咀嚼性升高,内聚性与最大剪切力下降,胶粘性先下降再上升,而弹性先上升再下降。软烤虾的p H值随着杀菌温度升高变化较复杂,但杀菌时间增加时p H值上升。当杀菌条件为90℃·(30 min)-1时,软烤虾的感官品质最好,并且达到商业无菌状态。     

条斑紫菜耐高温杂交重组品系的筛选与特性分析

为改善条斑紫菜优良品系TM-18藻体颜色偏红的弱点,本研究以红色型突变品系(TM-18,特点:藻体偏红色;生长快,色素蛋白含量高,具有一定的耐高温性)为父本;绿色型突变品系(OMO-1,特点:藻体绿色,生长较慢,色素蛋白含量低,耐高温性差)为母本进行种内杂交,从杂合丝状体的F1叶状体中,分离出了优良品系TW-9。通过比较它与亲本品系的特性,获得以下结果:在常温(18°C)和高温(24和25°C)下培养13 d,TW-9品系的壳孢子存活率分别为TM-18品系的1.0、1.1和1.1倍,以及OMO-1品系的1.1、4.7和7.2倍。在18°C组,3个品系的壳孢子苗畸形率无显著性差异,但在24和25°C组,TW-9品系的畸形苗率比TM-18品系分别降低了20.3%和29.5%,比OMO-1品系分别降低了74.8%和69.5%。将在18°C下培养40 d的叶状体分别置于18、24和25°C再培养10 d,TW-9品系的绝对生长率分别为TM-18品系的0.9、1.5和0.8倍,以及OMO-1品系的1.4、1.5和28倍。此外,在24°C下培养25 d或在25°C下培养10 d,OMO-1品系的藻体腐烂严重,最后完全解体;TM-18和TW-9品系藻体在24°C下培养25 d只出现轻微卷曲,但在25°C下,TM-18品系培养15 d就腐烂至完全解体,而TW-9品系培养30 d也只是轻微腐烂。在18°C下培养40 d的TW-9品系叶状体分别再在18和24°C下培养15 d,总藻胆蛋白含量分别为61.5和77.8 mg/g,分别为OMO-1品系的1.4和1.4倍,但与TM-18品系的含量相比无明显差异。在18°C下培养55 d的叶状体平均厚度,TW-9品系为25.6μm,分别比TM-18和OMO-1品系降低了13.5%和17.7%。另外,3个品系的壳孢子放散量无显著性差异。研究表明,TW-9品系不仅具有与TM-18品系相似的特性,如叶状体生长快、色素蛋白含量高、壳孢子放散量大等特性,并且它的藻体更薄、更耐高温,其颜色与野生色相近,符合生产栽培的要求,有望被培育成适宜栽培的新品种。     

三种体色黄鳝群体遗传多样性分析

利用线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列测序技术研究3种体色黄鳝Monopterus albus群体(深黄斑鳝、青黄斑鳝、青斑鳝)的遗传多样性与遗传差异。结果显示:三个群体黄鳝共有变异位点53个,单倍型36个;平均单倍型多样性分别为0.9153、0.7517、0.9457;平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.00426、0.00211、0.00601。群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)较小(0.00282~0.04970),分子方差分析(AMOVA)中仅有2.10%的变异来自群体间,表明三种不同体色黄鳝群体间未有明显遗传分化。群体遗传距离的聚类分析结果显示:深黄斑鳝与青黄斑鳝群体间亲缘关系最近,深黄斑鳝与青斑鳝亲缘关系最远。     

通过性腺形状和颜色鉴定红鳍东方鲀的性别

随机采集体长18~20cm、体重200~250g的红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)44尾,解剖观察并记录性腺组织外观,然后利用组织切片技术鉴定个体的性别。结果表明:性腺为细长条状且呈乳白色的个体为雄性个体,而性腺为袋状且呈淡红色的个体为雌性个体,且样本群体中的雌雄性别比例为1∶1。本研究结果为通过性腺外观形状和颜色即可准确鉴定体长为20cm左右的红鳍东方鲀的性别提供了参考依据。     

Effects of background color on growth performances and physiological responses of scaled carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) reared in a closed circulated system

Growth performances and physiological responses of Cyprinus carpio after long-term (14 weeks) background color adaptation were investigated. Six groups of ten individuals each (initial body weight 116 g) were reared in black, green and white tanks (two replicate groups for each color). At the end of the experiment, blood (cortisol, glucose, haematocrit, cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, osmolality, electrolytes, pCO₂, pH), liver (total lipids, glycogen, hepatosomatic index) and growth (body weight, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, condition factor, proximate carcass composition) parameters were determined. Plasma cortisol levels in white-adapted carp were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in black, while in green-adapted fish did not differ significantly from those in both other counterparts. White-adapted carp showed the highest specific growth rate and the lowest food conversion ratio, whereas black-adapted fish exhibited the opposite pattern. In addition, mean (%) increase of body weight in white-adapted carp was 4.66 and 3.58% higher than that in black- and green-adapted fish, respectively. Furthermore in white-adapted carp, blood pCO₂ and pH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those obtained in black- and green-adapted fish. In black-adapted carp, liver total lipid levels were significantly lower, and plasma total lipid levels were significantly higher, than those in white- and green-adapted fish. No significant variations were observed in the other parameters. It is concluded that different background colors may lead to different growth performances of scaled carp depending upon rearing conditions.     

梅花‘南京红须’花色色素花色苷的分离与结构鉴定

梅花‘南京红须'花色色素的2种主要花色苷可用甲醇-乙酸-水(10:1:9)提取,再用纸层析和柱层析纯化.特征性颜色反应、薄层层析、纸层析、紫外-可见光谱、高效液相色谱、气相色谱、核磁共振谱和快原子轰击质谱分析表明:2种花色苷分别是花青素-3-氧-(6"-氧-α-吡喃型鼠李糖基-β-吡喃型葡萄糖)苷和花青素-3-氧-(6"-氧-没食子酰-3"-氧-β-吡喃型葡萄糖基-β-吡喃型葡萄糖)苷.花青苷除决定‘南京红须’的紫红花色外,还可能强化‘南京红须’在寒冷环境中的生存能力.     

不同羽色静原鸡鸡肉营养成分的测定分析

为了研究不同羽色(白羽、麻羽、黑羽)静原鸡鸡肉的营养成分及其存在的差异性,以第5世代核心群的3个羽色(白羽、麻羽、黑羽)静原鸡为研究对象,采用直接干燥法、索氏抽提法、微量凯氏定氮法和国家标准GB5009.124—2016中氨基酸的测定方法分别对其胸肌、腿肌的初水分、脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸含量进行了测定,并对其结果进行比较及分析。结果表明,白羽、麻羽、黑羽3个群体的静原鸡胸肌、腿肌的初水分含量分别为71.10%、70.35%、70.69%和72.14%、70.13%、72.08%,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。黑羽静原鸡的胸肌、腿肌脂肪含量分别为2.19%和3.12%,为三组最高,白羽静原鸡为最低。3个群体间麻羽静原鸡胸肌蛋白质含量(24.30%)最高,白羽静原鸡次之,黑羽静原鸡最低;3个群体间腿肌蛋白质含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。3个群体鸡肉中氨基酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。胸肌和腿肌中谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸等含量次之。胸肌必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均是麻羽最高;腿肌必需氨基酸麻羽最高、总氨基酸含量白羽最高。该试验结果可为消费者购买静原鸡时的不同消费倾向提供参考。