浅议生物多样性与森林生态系统生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统生产力之间的关系是目前生态学界的热点问题。文中结合森林生态系统自身的特点, 针对生物多样性和森林生态系统生产力2个不同概念, 阐述了现有的生物多样性和生产力关系的若干观点, 分析了现有观点中的争议点, 并在前人实验研究的基础上, 提出了森林生态系统中其他因素对两者关系的影响。     

Relationship between Geographical Distribution of Pinus yunnanensis and Climate

A distribution map of Pinus yunnanensis was made according to the data on geographical distribution of P.yunnanensis by means of applying geographic information systems software ArcGIS, and the climatic parameters of the distribution areas for P.yunnanensis were determined by the climate forecast model Climate China.The relationship between the geographical distribution of P.yunnanensis and the climate was studied by adopting the indexes of Kira including the warmth index(WI),coldness index(CI) and aridity index (K),Xu’s humidity index(HI),Holdridge’s life temperature(BT),potential evapotranspiration (PET),potential evapotranspiration ratio(PER) and the single factors as the mean annual temperature, the mean temperature in January,the mean temperature in July,the mean annual precipitation, the>5℃accumulated temperature,the>18℃accumulated temperature,the maximum temperature, the minimum temperature,the temperature variation, the ratio of temperature and precipitation of the year, etc.And the Kira’s water-temperature indexes on distributional upper limit,low limit and north limit were discussed.The major climatic factors effecting the distribution of P.yunnanensis were screened out by statistical analysis software SPSS and the results showed the impact factors are in the order of temperature>humidity>the temperature difference between mean warmest month temperature and mean coldest month temperature.     

Effect of Temperature on the Induction of Bud Dormancy in Ecotypes of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of temperature applied during short day-induced budset on induction of dormancy in six ecotypes of Betula pubescens Ehrh. and two ecotypes of Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings were grown in a phytotron at constant temperatures of 9–21°C under a 12 h photoperiod (SD) during dormancy induction. Induction of dormancy was monitored by following bud flushing and shoot growth after transfer to long photoperiod conditions (24 h) at 18°C. Chilling requirement was studied in seedlings exposed to 10 weeks of SD. In both species induction of bud dormancy developed most rapidly at 15–18°C, and both 9–12°C and 21°C delayed the induction of dormancy. Raising the temperature (from 9 to 21°C) applied during induction of dormancy significantly increased the chilling requirement. These responses were noted for all ecotypes tested, but in general the northern ecotypes entered dormancy more quickly than the southern ones. No such trend was recorded for chilling requirement, although a B. pubescens ecotype from Iceland and another from the coast of northern Norway appeared to require a longer chilling treatment than the other ecotypes. In conclusion, induction and depth of bud dormancy in birch are significantly affected by temperature conditions and these effects may explain some of the annual variation in dormancy and chilling requirement observed in nature.     

人工诱导的杉木苦竹混交林林分生产力研究

对福建省沙县官庄国有林场10年生杉木纯林,通过间伐人工诱导营建杉木苦竹混交林的林分生产力进行研究。结果表明:杉木苦竹混交林林分结构合理,层次明显,呈复层林分。混交林中杉木平均木树干生物量分别是高密度杉木纯林(2500株.hm-2)、低密度杉木纯林(1125株.hm-2)的122.7%、107.9%,净生产量分别是高密度杉木纯林、低密度杉木纯林的122.6%、104.0%;叶对树干的净同化率为5.75 kg.kg-1.a-1,比低密度杉木纯林提高5.7%。混交林中苦竹立竹数6000株.hm-2,现存生物量9.43 t.hm-2,年平均净生产量为1.2 t.hm-2.a-1;8 a间伐竹材和竹笋年平均产量分别达到9.608 t.hm-2和7.587 t.hm-2,取得了一定收益,达到了长短结合,以短养长的目的,是较好的经营模式。人工诱导构建杉木苦竹混交林具有较高生产力。     

马尾松不同抚育方式对林地生产的影响

对马尾松幼林采用全面劈草、全面劈草局部松土、全面除草松土3种抚育方式对林地植被生长、表层土壤变化及幼林生长的影响进行研究,结果表明:植被覆盖率、植被枯落物随抚育强度提高而降低,而土壤侵蚀则随抚育强度提高而增强,马尾松幼林生长与抚育强度提高成正比.在南方马尾松集约经营的山区,宜提倡带状抚育,既可促进幼林生长,又能维护地力.     

论“科学技术是第一生产力”的社会转型效应

指出了邓小平"科学技术是第一生产力"的论断具有深刻的内涵,对于推动我国社会不断发展具有重要的作用。虽然不同的社会时期所凸显的社会问题有所不同,但社会问题的解决都离不开"科学技术是第一生产力"的正确指引。当前我国正处在新中国成立以来的第三次社会转型的关键时期,社会经济结构、文化形态、价值观念等都发生了深刻的变化,社会问题层出不穷,亟需得到妥善解决。立足于当前的社会状况并结合邓小平提出"科学技术是第一生产力"这一阶段的历史经验,重新解读"科学技术是第一生产力"这一思想有助于加快实现社会第三次成功转型,实现自然、社会与人类和谐发展。     

The North American long-term soil productivity experiment: Findings from the first decade of research

First decade findings on the impacts of organic matter removal and soil compaction are reported for the 26 oldest installations in the nation-wide network of long-term soil productivity sites. Complete removal of surface organic matter led to declines in soil C concentration to 20 cm depth and to reduced nutrient availability. The effect is attributed mainly to the loss of the forest floor. Soil C storage seemed undiminished, but could be explained by bulk density changes following disturbance and to decomposition inputs of organic C from roots remaining from the harvested forest. Biomass removal during harvesting had no influence on forest growth through 10 years. Soil compaction effects depended upon initial bulk density. Soils with densities greater than 1.4 Mg m⁻³ resisted compaction. Density recovery was slow, particularly on soils with frigid temperature regimes. Forest productivity response to soil compaction depended both on soil texture and the degree of understory competition. Production declined on compacted clay soils, increased on sands, and generally was unaffected if an understory was absent.     

基于GIS的赤峰市设施农业精细化气候区划与分析

为了科学开展设施农业建设,避免盲目扩大产业规模所带来的潜在风险,本研究利用赤峰市14个气象站近30年(1989-2018年)的气象观测资料,分析了影响设施农业生产的关键气象因子,确定了以年日照时数、冬季平均最低气温为设施农业气候资源区划指标,以年大风日数、年冰雹次数、年大雪及以上降雪次数和冬季≤-25℃低温日数为设施农...     

1993-2015年中国草地净初级生产力格局及其与水热因子的关系

[目的]估算1993-2015年中国草地净初级生产力（net primary productivity,NPP）,分析其时空变化格局及与水热因子的关系,了解这一时期中国草地生态系统的生产力水平及其对水热因子变化的响应。[方法]基于长时间序列遥感数据,气象数据和植被类型数据,运用CASA模型（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach）估算草地净初级生产力,利用一元线性回归、二阶偏相关分析以及GIS空间分析方法,探讨草地NPP的变化趋势以及与对水热因子的关系。[结果]①1993-2015年,中国草地NPP年均总量为7.595×10¹⁴ g （以C计）,单位面积NPP均值为296.76 g/m²/a。总体上,草地NPP呈现从东部到西部、从南部到北部逐渐减少的空间分布特征。②1993-2015年草地NPP总量以-1.415×10¹² g/a的线性速率（p>0.05）波动式下降。其中,1993-2010年草地NPP总量以-2.312×10¹² g/a的线性速率（p<0.05）显著降低,2011-2015年草地NPP总量以7.00×10¹¹ g/a的线性速率（p>0.05）波动式上升。1993-2015年,NPP呈减少态势的面积大于NPP呈增加态势的面积且40.40%的草地NPP呈现显著性变化。③年际变化上,除去2011年以来草地NPP的波动性变化,草地NPP与太阳总辐射和降水量的二阶偏相关性显著,与年平均气温没有表现出显著的相关关系。空间分布上,草地NPP与太阳辐射显著偏相关的面积 > 与降水显著偏相关的面积 > 与气温显著偏相关的面积。[结论]1993-2015年,中国草地NPP总体上呈现普遍降低、局部改善的变化特征。这种变化主要受到太阳总辐射和降水量的影响,受温度变化的影响较弱。     

耕地地力评价可持续研究发展方向探讨

结合参与耕地地力评价的实际经验和众多研究成果,综合西南山地丘陵农业区的特点,分析了该项研究实际操作中的难度及原因,探讨了当前该项研究工作的不足,提出以下可持续研究发展方向:首先,可以在参评指标的选择和指标体系建设的过程中,以气候和地势为依据,将研究大区分为几个地力评价亚区,分亚区确定评价指标和权重.水田旱地交错分布区的地力评价工作,尤以西南地区为甚,基于水田旱地实际地块的地力水平及其权重的差异性,建议最好能够分开进行评价.再者,可以注重评价单元赋值的过程中插值方法的选择,可在对采集数据全局认识的基础上,再选择合适的点面赋值方法.此外,在地力评价工作过程中,注意每一细节的完成,因为这些细节的处理结果将直接影响到农业生产和结构化调整.