智能手机RGB图像检测植物叶片叶绿素含量的通用方法

为提高RGB（Red, Green, Blue）图像方法在检测植物叶片叶绿素含量的预测精度、普适性和实用性,该研究提出了一种智能手机结合辅助拍照装置获取植物叶片RGB图像并即时检测叶绿素含量的低成本方法。设计了一种内置主动光源的低成本便携式拍照装置,用以降低环境光及拍照角度等因素对成像质量的影响;并采用了基于24色Macbeth标准色卡的二阶多项式回归法构建色差校正矩阵以减小不同手机所获取图像的色差;最后开发了基于微信小程序的远程诊断系统以实现植物叶片叶绿素含量的原地、实时及无损检测。以甘蔗叶片为例,采用了3款不同品牌的手机进行了试验,首先分析了叶片39种颜色特征与其叶绿素含量的相关性及色差校正方法对其的影响。结果表明,该方法获取的叶片颜色特征与叶绿素含量大多具有较强的相关性（相关系数>0.8）,同时,色差校正可明显提升多手机混合数据集的颜色特征与叶绿素含量的相关系数,其中RGB色彩空间下三个颜色通道亮度值R、G、B的代数运算特征(B-G-R)/(B+G)的提升最明显,达到了0.842 4,比校正前提高了89%。进一步结合主成分分析构建了色差校正前与色差校正后的叶绿素含量多元线性回归（Multivariate Linear Regression,MLR）和支持向量机回归（Support Vector Regression,SVR）预测模型。针对多手机混合数据集的通用预测模型中,色差校正后的SVR通用预测模型精度和稳定性最高,相比校正前的SVR通用预测模型,五折交叉验证的R2均值达到了0.721 4,提高了14.6%,RMSE均值为0.328 8 mg/g,降低了13.3%;同时,该模型五折交叉验证的R2标准差仅为0.004 2,具有更高的稳定性。该研究为不同手机准确预测植物叶片叶绿素含量提供了一种通用方法。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

不同施肥情况下甘蔗叶片的光谱特征分析及叶绿素含量检测

In order to investigate the visible-NIR spectral features of the leaves of a sugarcane variety(ROC 22), the spectral reflectance and the chlorophyll content were measured in the laboratory, and their correlations were analyzed.Prediction models were built eventually.Results showed that the negative correlations with r greater than 0.8 was found in 527-578 nm and 701-731 nm between spectral reflectance and chlorophyll content.And the red edge position(REP) was also found having high correlation with chlorophyll content, with the highest r of 0.8442.In order to explore the most sensitive bands for normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), 48471 NDVI values were computed with different wavebands for each sample and their correlations with chlorophyll were also analyzed.The distribution maps of NDVI and its correlations in a two-spectral-dimension space both indicated that the red bands had significant influence than the NIR bands.The suggested sensitive red range was 710-735 nm, especially 720-725 nm; and the sensitive NIR range was from 780-850 nm, which had the higher robustness.The chlorophyll predication model with NDVI(725 and 840 nm) in tillering stage had determination coefficients of 0.7386, and was recommended for guiding the subsequent ridging fertilization.     

不同氮磷钾肥用量对五指毛桃叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨在"3414"肥料试验中叶绿素仪测定叶绿素的精确度,以及不同施肥处理对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的影响,采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精-丙酮浸提法对五指毛桃不同叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量进行测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理对五指毛桃3片叶片的SPAD值,倒1叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,倒2叶的叶绿素a以及倒3叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量的影响不显著;对倒2叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量,倒3叶的叶绿素a影响显著。氮、磷、钾肥对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量效应依次为N肥P肥K肥。SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量从倒1叶至倒3叶呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加的幅度因施肥处理不同而不同。倒1叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈负相关;倒2叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈极显著正相关;倒3叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a呈负相关,而与叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关,表明在"3414"肥料试验中倒2叶的SPAD值更能准确地预测其叶绿素的绝对含量。该研究为叶绿素仪在五指毛桃生理实验中正确应用提供了科学依据,也为五指毛桃在成龄胶园间作实践提供了理论指导。     

基于矩阵变换的车载玉米叶绿素含量快速预测系统偏差分析

为了对车载玉米叶绿素含量快速预测系统偏差进行分析,优化车载系统测量结果,该文提出一种空间插值和多维矩阵分析相结合的思想,阐述了基于矩阵变换和GIS空间分析手段的预测偏差分析策略,提高了车载系统快速预测空间分布的预测效果。研究结果表明：使用BP神经网络模型和RBF神经网络模型对车载系统动态预测单点位置叶绿素含量具有一定预测效果,平均决定系数R2约为0.8,2类模型的预测效果相近。RBF神经网络预测结果矩阵经反距离加权法插值后,其空间分布预测偏差度小于10%的数据量占总数据量的85%。表明该方法具有较好的空间预测效果,可以为车载系统动态测量平台预测玉米冠层叶片叶绿素含量的提供决策支持。     

Ri质粒T-DNA对6年生转基因三倍体毛白杨生长和生理性状的影响

为探索外源基因在成年树木中的表达及稳定性,以转Ri质粒6年生三倍体毛白杨成年树木为材料,以同时种植的未转基因三倍体毛白杨为对照植株,对21个转基因株系和对照植株进行外源基因检测和生长、生理特性测定。PCR检测结果证明,Ri质粒T-DNA上的tms、rolC基因在各转基因株系基因组中稳定存在。转基因株系生长受到不同程度影响,各转基因株系的叶柄长、叶片长、叶片宽度和叶面积均小于对照植株,叶片长宽比大于对照植株;71%的转基因株系树高低于对照植株;81%的转基因株系胸径低于对照植株。转基因株系叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量、Fv/Fm值、PI值均低于对照植株。81%的转基因株系叶片内源GA3含量及所有株系叶片的内源IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值均高于对照植株,而86%转基因株系叶片的内源ABA含量低于对照植株。T-DNA能够在三倍体毛白杨成年树木中稳定表达,使植物体内内源IAA和GA3含量提高,生长受到抑制,但不同株系存在较大差异。本研究结果为进一步研究外源基因在植物体内的表达调控机制提供了参考依据。     

改良剂对柴油污染土壤中黑麦草生理代谢的调节

开展了土壤柴油污染的单因素盆栽实验和柴油污染盐渍化土壤中添加锯末-硝酸铵-磷酸二氢钾的三因素正交盆栽实验,对黑麦草幼苗抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量进行了分析,探究了柴油污染土壤中黑麦草幼苗的生理变化与调节。结果表明,土壤柴油污染显著减小了黑麦草幼苗生物量,与对照相比,叶SOD活性在柴油浓度0.3%和0.9%时显著降低,POD和CAT活性在0.6%和0.9%柴油浓度下显著降低;根SOD活性在0.9%柴油浓度下显著增大,POD活性在0.6%和0.9%柴油浓度下显著下降。受柴油污染的盐渍化土壤,施加锯末体积分数为10%时,黑麦草幼苗叶POD和CAT活性显著增强,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著增加;施氮量为0.3 g·kg~(-1)土时,黑麦草幼苗叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著增加。可见,土壤受柴油污染时,添加锯末和硝酸铵可有效调节黑麦草幼苗的生理代谢。     

Response of wheat genotypes to foliar spray of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles under salt stress

This study evaluated the effects of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on two wheat genotypes (Kavir and Tajan) at three levels (0, 75, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)) of salinity. Spray treatments included two forms of normal and nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO, a mixture of nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO (2 g L^?1) and a non-spray treatment. The pot experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two forms of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO significantly accelerated plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and the concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in comparison with non-spray treatment. The highest plant height and leaf Fe concentration belonged to Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles; however, it seems that the spray of nanoparticles may not be superior compared with normal forms in alleviation of salinity impacts.     

纳米氧化锌对绿豆芽生长的影响

深入研究不同类型的纳米颗粒对不同植物物种具有的独特效应,可提高有关纳米物质对植物安全与风险的认知水平。为了对纳米物质生物效应的深入评估提供科学依据,测定了室温（25℃）浸种培养后绿豆芽的叶绿素、过氧化物酶活性、根长、茎长、鲜重、干重、蛋白质等生理指标及其可食部分的锌含量。结果表明,nano-ZnO和Zn2＋在较高浓度（50~1000mg.L-1）时均可抑制植物的生长,呈现出一定的植物毒性;相同浓度时,nano-ZnO较Zn2＋更有利于绿豆芽的生长和其可食部分锌的富集。最有利于绿豆芽生长和锌富集的nano-ZnO浓度为50mg.L-1,而Zn2＋浓度则为20mg.L-1。在促进生长的浓度范围内（0~50mg.L-1）,绿豆芽可食部分锌含量均小于国家食品锌标准含量值（20mg.kg-1）。可见,nano-ZnO可尝试应用于绿豆芽的农业生产活动,但在此之前须进一步开展其存在的环境、生态与人体健康风险研究。