控制水稻金黄色颖壳与节间基因OsCAD2的图位克隆

【目的】水稻色素不仅对其自身生长发育有重要生理作用,而且在水稻育种、农副产品改良等方面运用比较广泛。对水稻色素相关基因进行表型分析和基因定位,为进一步研究色素代谢途径及调控机理奠定基础。【方法】利用EMS诱变粳稻长粒粳(CLJ),在突变体库内筛选到一个金黄色颖壳与节间突变体gh881;在成熟期,测定野生型与gh881的主要农艺性状;将gh881与野生型及中恢8015杂交,观察BC1F1及F1植株表型,并对BC1F2及F2表型分离进行卡方检验,对gh881进行遗传分析;利用F2群体和图位克隆的方法对gh881突变基因进行定位;采用q PCR检测颖壳颜色相关基因在gh881与野生型不同发育时期的幼穗、节间以及剑叶叶鞘的相对表达量。【结果】与野生型相比,突变体的颖壳与节间均呈金黄色;除单株有效穗数外,gh881突变体的株高、每穗总粒数及实粒数、结实率和千粒重等性状均极显著降低。遗传分析和基因定位结果表明,gh881的突变表型受1对隐性核基因控制,位于第2染色体短臂,并最终将该基因精细定位于标记FH-13和RH-25之间,物理距离约33.2 kb,该区域中包含4个开放阅读框(ORFs)。【结论】序列分析结果表明,发现其中一个编码肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)的基因OsC AD2(Os02g0187800)的3 563 bp处发生了1个单碱基突变(G转换为A),导致该基因编码区的第297位氨基酸由甘氨酸突变为天冬氨酸,由此认为该突变体为OsC AD2基因单碱基突变的新等位基因。q RT-PCR结果表明,突变体的节间中OsCAD2相对表达量极显著下调,而在剑叶叶鞘及穗部则基本都是极显著增加,其他相关基因也发生显著变化,证实OsCAD2是木质素代谢中的重要基因,且可能与其他相关基因存在反馈调节。     

玉米大斑病菌StSte12基因对H_2O_2氧化胁迫的应激调节

通过比较野生型菌株Wt01-23与StSte12基因RNAi沉默突变体菌株StRNAi9-10和StRNAi3-6在H_2O_2胁迫下生长和发育方面的差异,分析转录因子基因StSte12对玉米大斑病菌氧化胁迫的调节能力。在不同浓度H_2O_2胁迫条件下,测定野生型菌株和突变体菌株的菌落生长速度、菌丝形态、产孢量和菌丝萌发率。结果表明,随着H_2O_2浓度的增加,玉米大斑病菌野生型菌株和突变体菌株的菌落生长速度、产孢量和菌丝萌发率均显著降低,但突变体菌株的降低程度显著高于野生型菌株,表明StSte12基因对玉米大斑病菌的氧化应激调节具有重要的调控功能。     

缩二脲对水稻出苗率及秧苗白化的影响

以中浙优1号和甬优1540为材料,采用栽培池培养试验,研究缩二脲对水稻出苗率及叶片白化特性的影响。结果表明,缩二脲含量在0~2.0%时对水稻的出苗率和秧苗生长量影响较小;缩二脲含量高于4.0%时显著降低了出苗率,显著抑制秧苗的生长,中浙优1号和甬优1540干物质量分别降低24%和17%;水稻叶片对缩二脲比较敏感,缩二脲造成叶片发白的叶位主要在第2叶,第3叶叶片发白比例较低,但是当缩二脲含量达到4.0%时,第3叶叶片发白比例也开始上升;当缩二脲含量过量时,显著降低叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值。化肥中的缩二脲是引起直播稻出现白化苗的重要原因,在直播稻和水稻育秧中,应选用缩二脲含量较低的肥料。     

9个穗分枝裸大麦突变体的穗部特性及其差异分析

穗分枝突变体是大麦穗发育研究的重要种质。利用EMS诱变北青7号的成熟种子,再通过连续7年自交繁殖选育了9个裸大麦穗分枝突变(Ynbs)株系。在不同世代中9个Ynbs株系的穗分枝性状均可稳定遗传,多联穗明显退化,每个主穗着生2~5个分枝穗和10.53±0.53~13.23±0.22个多联穗,每个分枝穗具有1~3个分枝穗轴节,每个多联穗着生10~15个小花。为系统了解Ynbs株系的穗部特性差异,分析了不同材料多联穗数、小花数、结实粒数、结实率、穗茎轴长、穗长、穗轴节数和百粒重的表型差异和偏相关性。结果表明,多联穗数等8个穗部性状在不同材料间均有显著或极显著差异,9个Ynbs株系的多联穗数、结实率和百粒重显著低于诱变亲本,但其小花数极显著高于诱变亲本,多联穗减少、小花增多、结实率和百粒重下降是9个Ynbs株系的共有突变性状;穗分枝性状与多联穗数、结实粒数、结实率、穗长和百粒重5个穗部性状呈极显著偏相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.524、0.584、-0.646、0.418和-0.563。9个Ynbs株系具有穗分枝、多联穗退化、小穗增多等特性,是大麦穗发育等研究的不可替代种质。     

Postharvest UV-C treatment combined with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), followed by storage in continuous low-level ethylene atmosphere,improves the quality of tomatoes

Mature green tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Neang Pich) were exposed to 13.6 kJ m^?2 UV-C or 0.5 μL L^?1 1-MCP or combination of 13.6 kJ m^?2 UV-C and 0.5 μL L^?1 1-MCP, with appropriate untreated controls. After treatment, tomatoes were stored in air containing 0.1 μL L^?1 ethylene at 20°C and 100% RH. The untreated fruit ripened significantly faster than those of all other treatments. UV-C treatment alone was able to delay fruit ripening by up to 5 days longer compared to untreated fruits whilst the additional of 1-MCP further delayed fruit ripening. UV-C and 1-MCP treatments alone or in combination had significantly slower ethylene production rates throughout the storage period. The fruit treated with the combination of 1-MCP and UV-C was significantly firmer and had higher total phenolic content compared to that of the other treatments. However, there was no difference between treatments in soluble solids content/titratable acids ratio, chlorophyll content, lycopene content and total antioxidant activity. These results show that UV-C and 1-MCP treatment delay ripening and improve the quality of tomatoes in the presence of low-level ethylene during storage. This new treatment could be used to extend the shelf-life of mature green tomatoes through the supply chain without the use of refrigeration.     

Calibration and validation of optical chlorophyll‐measuring devices for use in predicting crude protein concentration in tropical grass herbage

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N‐Tester as easy‐to‐use and cost‐effective tools for predicting foliar chlorophylls (a, b and total) and crude protein (CP) concentrations in herbage from three tropical grass species. Optical chlorophyll measurements were taken at three stages (4, 8 and 12 weeks) of regrowth maturity in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Mulato II (Brachiaria hybrid) and at 6 and 12 weeks maturity in Paspalum spp (Paspalum atratum). Grass samples were harvested subsequent to optical measurements for laboratory analysis to determine CP and solvent‐extractable chlorophylls (a, b and total) concentrations. Optical chlorophyll measurements and CP concentrations were highly correlated (Yara N‐Tester: r² = 0·77–0·89; Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI: r² = 0·52–0·84). Crude protein prediction models from the Yara N‐Tester and Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI accounted for 70–89% and 44–73% CP variability, respectively, in Mulato II and Guinea grass. The Yara N‐tester produced more accurate and reliable CP estimates based on very high concordance correlation coefficient [CCC (0·73–0·91)] and low rMSPE, mean and regression bias. It is concluded that the Yara N‐Tester produces more accurate and reliable CP estimates of tropical pastures.     

不同浓度1-MCP对早酥梨果实常温贮藏品质的影响

以早酥梨为试材,研究常温(20℃),相对湿度80%~90%贮藏条件下不同浓度(0.5、1.0、1.5μL/L)的1-MCP对早酥梨果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,1-MCP处理能够较好地抑制果实叶绿素含量的降低与黄化指数的升高,延缓早酥梨果实的黄化、软化过程,并保持果实较高的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。其中,1.5μL/L浓度的1-MCP对早酥梨果实的黄化控制效果最好,且能较好地保持果实品质,是早酥梨果实的适宜处理浓度。     

植物叶色变化机制研究进展

介绍了叶色变化的生态适应意义、环境条件影响、生理生化以及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素合成代谢相关基因转录和mi RNA调控等方面的研究进展,为植物色素研究和叶色品种改良提供参考。     

芝麻黄化突变体YL1的叶片解剖学及光合特性

表型性状标记在作物遗传育种中具有重要的应用价值。在芝麻地方种质"庙前芝麻"中发现了能够稳定遗传的黄化突变体YL1,对该突变体的叶片解剖特征、光合特性及农艺性状的比较分析表明,突变体YL1黄化心叶和平展叶在各个发育时期的叶绿体结构均与同时期野生型存在明显差异,下表皮气孔保卫细胞数是正常叶的2倍左右。YL1的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量均只有同时期正常含量的30%~40%,叶绿素b含量只有正常叶的20%;光合速率在初花期及以前均显著低于同期正常叶,但到终花期与正常叶相当;YL1的生育期和初花期显著推迟,株高和单株蒴果数明显降低,每蒴粒数和千粒重略微降低。显微观察表明,YL1的叶绿体形态结构发育不规则,基粒和基粒片层数目明显少于野生型,使得叶绿素含量过低,属于叶绿体发育异常导致的叶绿素缺少型突变体。     

稻瘟病胁迫下水稻叶片叶绿素含量与光谱特征参数的相关性研究

为实现受稻瘟病侵染水稻叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱反演,以‘陵两优268’为研究对象,测定受稻瘟病侵染的85个水稻叶片样品的叶绿素含量和高光谱反射率,分析受稻瘟病侵染的水稻叶片高光谱反射率与叶绿素含量间的相关关系,使用线性与非线性回归技术建立叶绿素含量反演模型。结果显示:叶绿素含量与原始光谱及一阶导数光谱的敏感波段分别发生在700 nm和752 nm,基于光谱特征参数SDr的回归模型均方根误差为1.27,平均相对误差为10.2%。研究表明受稻瘟病侵染水稻叶片光谱反射率差异明显,基于光谱特征参数SDr的回归模型预测叶绿素含量具有较高的精度。