Protein quality of diets based on tuber,legume, and cereal in weanling rats

Weanling male rats (45–55 g) were studied to evaluate the protein quality of diets based on combinations of yam (YA); dehulled brown bean (DBB), dehulled white bean (DWB); and corn flour (PA) that provided 1.6 g N/100 g of diet. Casein served as the reference protein. Rats fed combinations of PA, DBB, and DWB had increases in food intake, weight gain, N intake, digested and retained N, and liver N compared to those of the casein control group and the other test groups (P < 0.05). Supplementation of YA with DBB or DWB reduced weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), N intake, digested and retained N, NPU and liver N values of the animals when compared with those fed the casein and the other diets containing YA. Combinations of DBB or DWB with PA appear to be the best mixtures as shown by food and N intakes, digested and retained N, liver N, and weight gain. These mixtures may possibly be economic sources of N for weaning children where these are staples in the diet.     

The persistence of methyl bromide residues in rice,dried fruit,seeds and nuts following laboratory fumigation

The persistence of methyl bromide (MB) in white rice, brown rice, sultanas, raisins, pumpkin seeds, brazil nuts, groundnuts and walnuts was monitored following laboratory fumigations at different concentration time products and temperatures. A sensitive automated headspace gas chromatographic method with a limit of quantitation of 0.005 mg kg⁻¹ was used to determine MB residues. Nuts and seeds sorbed the highest amounts of MB followed by rice and dried fruit. Measurable MB residues were shown to persist in nuts and seeds for 10 weeks and in dried fruit for four weeks following a fumigation with recommended concentration time products. The data presented suggest MB residues may persist in unprocessed nuts, seeds or dried fruit at the point of consumption using recommended fumigation practices, or particularly following overdosing or multiple fumigations. Crown copyright © 2000 Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office     

直接干燥法测定粮食水分的条件优化

研究了影响直接干燥法测定粮食水分测定结果的因素,优化了测定条件。采用105℃恒质法对烘盒规格、烘干时间、烘盒个数及烘箱温度等参数进行比较,结果表明:高、低两种水分的小麦采用4.5 cm规格的烘盒,其烘干效果最佳;低水分小麦烘干4h后恒重,高水分小麦烘干4.5 h后恒重;烘盒个数以不超过20个为宜;95℃~110℃下测定结果的精密度差异不显著,但水分测定结果随烘箱温度增大而升高。     

Virulence of Verticillium lecanii (Z.) against cereal aphids; does timing of infection affect the performance of parasitoids and predators?

BACKGROUND: Entomopathogenic fungi such as Verticillium lecanii (Z.) (Mycotal^®) are used for pest control as an alternative to chemical control. In this study, the effect of V. lecanii on cereal aphids is assessed. In addition, an investigation is carried out to determine whether the use of V. lecanii affects the performance of two natural enemies of aphids, the predator Harmonia axyridis (P.) and the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (V.), in no‐choice experiments under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Sitobion avenae (F.) killed was increased by increasing the concentration of V. lecanii. The timing of application of fungus to aphids affected the efficacy of other biocontrol agents, a parasitoid and a predator. Parasitation by A. colemani (V.) in both cereal aphids (S. avenae and R. padi) was not affected by V. lecanii when aphids were first treated with V. lecanii and then exposed to A. colemani. The emergence of adults from parasitised mummies was, however, lower in infected aphids than in uninfected aphids when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with fungus. The female sex ratio in the emerging adults was lower in V. lecanii‐treated aphids in both species. When aphids were first treated with V. lecanii, 72 h before predation, fewer aphids of both species were consumed by H. axyridis (P.). CONCLUSION: Use of entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control agent could be a complementary strategy in an integrated pest management programme against cereal aphids, but it can reduce the efficiency of other biocontrol agents (parasitoids and predators) when applied simultaneously. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同施肥种类及施用量对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫病发生的影响

 在大田及室内条件下研究了尿素(Urea)、过磷酸钙(Superphosphate)、硫酸钾(Potassium sulphate)、硝酸磷钾复合肥(Phosphorus-potassium nitrate fertilizer)4种肥料、10个配比施用量对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫病的影响。室内盆栽结果表明,尿素375kg/ha处理对线虫的抑制作用最好,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha和尿素225kg/ha次之;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用均为负值。大田试验结果表明尿素300kg/ha、尿素225kg/ha和过磷酸钙900kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用最好;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理对线虫的抑制作用较差。在抑制线虫增殖方面,复合肥525kg/ha+尿素75kg/ha处理效果最好,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha2个处理对线虫增殖也具有一定的抑制作用;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理则促进线虫增殖。产量测定结果表明,过磷酸钙900kg/ha、尿素300kg/ha、复合肥+磷肥187.5kg/ha3个处理增产效果均在10%以上;硫酸钾270kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha、硝酸磷钾复合肥525kg/ha+硫酸钾120kg/ha3个处理增产效果均低于5%。     

安徽省小麦孢囊线虫田间分布及危害调查

在田间用涕灭威作播前土壤处理抑制土壤中线虫虫口,测定分析田间小麦孢囊线虫对3个小麦品种分蘖期和孕穗期的生长影响。结果表明：小麦孢囊线虫田间分布模型为聚集分布,土壤中其卵密度范围为0～42．8粒／g土,平均密度为6．5粒／g土,已达到危害水平以上。小麦中前期生长调查表明,小麦孢囊线虫没有对分蘖期小麦生长造成显著影响;孕穗期小麦孢囊线虫的危害能造成小麦每株穗数减少13．8％、鲜重降低14．5％,但对株高没有影响;孕穗期小麦品种对孢囊线虫的反应差异显著,受小麦孢囊线虫危害后,新麦12和皖麦50的单株鲜重量分别降低23．3％和22．5％,孕穗数分别减少了25．9％和11．1％,但徐州8562孕穗数减少不显著。     

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫湖北群体活动期特性

小麦播种时定量接种禾谷孢囊线虫（ＣＣＮ）（Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｄｅｒａａｖｅｎａｅ）的孢囊,发芽生根后进行系统观察,结果表明,该线虫在小麦生长季节中完成１代,小麦播种后２５～３５ｄ是２龄幼虫入侵幼根的高峰期,１００～１２０ｄ根内出现３龄幼虫,１１０～１３０ｄ发育成４龄幼虫,１３０～１５０ｄ根表露出白色孢囊（雌虫）。受感染的麦根,侵染点首先变褐,进而肿大,常见分叉增多,形成须根团,ＣＣＮ多居于自然含磷,钾元     

小麦孢囊线虫病传播扩散途径研究初报

为了明确小麦孢囊线虫病的扩散传播途径,调查病区农用机械、麦田翻耕后田间及其周边流水中小麦孢囊线虫的孢囊数量.结果表明,收割机、旋耕机和播种机上土样的孢囊检出率分别为27.1％、51.6％和44.0％,麦稻轮作的病田中,浪渣的孢囊检出率为58.3％,翻耕后麦田积水、沟渠和小河流中的孢囊检出率分别为33.3％、22.7％和7.7％.说明农业机械的跨区作业和水流是小麦孢囊线虫病传播、扩散的重要途径.     

小麦叶内杀菌剂含量对条锈病组分的定量影响

来源于澳大利亚的２５份麦类作物抗笥材料及中国８个省市的２２个小麦品种对禾谷胞囊线虫太谷群体的抗病性测定表明,６个由硬粒小麦的品种“Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ”与节节麦的抗性材料为亲本合成的异源六倍体小麦均表现高抗;一些含有抗病基因Ｃｃｎ－１的品种,如Ｆｅｓｔｉｇｕａｙ和Ａｕｓ１０８９４等表现感病;其它来源于澳大利亚的６份燕麦及５份大麦材料也均高抗。