Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review

The methods used for estimating below‐ground carbon (C) translocation by plants, and the results obtained for different plant species are reviewed. Three tracer techniques using C isotopes to quantify root‐derived C are discussed: pulse labeling, continuous labeling, and a method based on the difference in ¹³C natural abundance in C3 and C4 plants. It is shown, that only the tracer methods provided adequate results for the whole below‐ground C translocation. This included roots, exudates and other organic substances, quickly decomposable by soil microorganisms, and CO₂ produced by root respiration. Advantages due to coupling of two different tracer techniques are shown. The differences in the below‐ground C translocation pattern between plant species (cereals, grasses, and trees) are discussed. Cereals (wheat and barley) transfer 20%—30% of total assimilated C into the soil. Half of this amount is subsequently found in the roots and about one‐third in CO₂ evolved from the soil by root respiration and microbial utilization of rootborne organic substances. The remaining part of below‐ground translocated C is incorporated into the soil microorganisms and soil organic matter. The portion of assimilated C allocated below the ground by cereals decreases during growth and by increasing N fertilization. Pasture plants translocated about 30%—50% of assimilates below‐ground, and their translocation patterns were similar to those of crop plants. On average, the total C amounts translocated into the soil by cereals and pasture plants are approximately the same (1500 kg C ha^—1), when the same growth period is considered. However, during one vegetation period the cereals and grasses allocated beneath the ground about 1500 and 2200 kg C ha^—1, respectively. Finally, a simple approach is suggested for a rough calculation of C input into the soil and for root‐derived CO₂ efflux from the soil.     

基于ARM9的奶牛运动量无线采集系统终端设计

针对奶牛企业人工监测奶牛发情期效率和准确率不高的问题,设计开发了基于ARM9的奶牛运动量无线采集系统.该系统通过检测奶牛运动步数的显著增加来判断奶牛的发情期.采用ND-2振动传感器采集奶牛的运动步数,经单片机MSP430F149简单处理后,由无线收发芯片nRF903发送至基于S3C2440的嵌入式主机进行统一监控和管理.试验表明,奶牛发情期运动步数增加2～3倍,奶牛发情期判断的准确率得到了提高,同时减少了奶牛企业的工作量,提高了奶牛企业的经济效益.为此,着重介绍了终端采集分机的硬件设计、无线数据通信协议和系统软件的设计.     

基于Pro/E的渣浆泵水力部件开发

基于三维实体造型软件Pro/E对渣浆泵水力部件进行计算机辅助设计的二次开发,考虑到固体颗粒对水力部件的影响,运用两相流理论设计了渣浆泵水力部件及其相关几何参数.在Windows XP操作系统平台上,借助Visual C＋＋6.0语言开发环境以及MFC可视化对话框技术,利用Pro/E的二次开发工具Pro/TOOLKIT及其相关接口函数,对渣浆泵水力部件设计进行可视化Pro/E Wildfire 2.0系统开发,渣浆泵水力部件的设计子菜单被嵌入在Pro/E的主菜单中.针对水力部件的设计实例,该软件通过渣浆泵相关子菜单弹出设计界面,在对话框中输入渣浆泵的设计参数,可实现水力部件的几何尺寸计算过程,并根据几何尺寸自动生成叶轮、副叶片、蜗壳、前后盖板等水力部件的三维造型.     

不同生育期灌水和施氮对春玉米农田硝态氮迁移及产量的影响

通过对大田春玉米进行不同生育期灌水和施氮处理,研究了不同灌水和施氮对玉米农田硝态氮运移和产量的影响。结果表明:生物产量和籽粒产量及其灌溉水利用效率有随施氮量增加而增大的趋势。与全生育期灌水比较,任何生育期不灌水处理都造成生物产量和籽粒产量降低,而生育期不灌水处理增加了灌溉水利用效率,两个生育期不灌水处理的生物产量和籽粒产量的灌溉水利用效率最高。在春玉米生长阶段,拔节期,抽穗期和成熟期不灌水对生物产量影响显著,抽穗期不灌水、苗期与灌浆期不灌水、拔节期期和灌浆期不灌水处理显著影响籽粒产量。     

Soil microbial response, water and nitrogen use by tomato under different irrigation regimes

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on plant biomass, irrigation water productivity (IWP), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of tomato, and soil microbial C/N ratio. The plants were grown in pots with roots split equally between two soil compartments in a climate-controlled glasshouse. During early fruiting stage, plants were exposed to FI, DI, and PRD treatments. In FI, both soil compartments were irrigated daily to a volumetric soil water content of 18%; in PRD, only one soil compartment was irrigated to 18% while the other was allowed to dry to ca. 7-8%, then the irrigation was shifted; in DI, the same amount of water used for the PRD plants was equally split to the two soil compartments. The results showed that, the FI treatment produced significantly higher dry biomasses of leaves, stems, and fresh weight of fruit and water productivity of aboveground dry biomass production than either DI or PRD, however, fruit IWP in DI was 25% higher than that of FI, and harvest index in DI and PRD were 50% and 22% higher than FI, respectively, for the 26% and 23% less water used in the DI and PRD, respectively, than the FI treatment. The DI treatment caused the smallest losses of N and highest N use efficiency by fruit. Both DI and PRD caused a significant increase in the soil microbial C/N ratio, meaning ratio of fungal biomass was high at low soil water contents. The result indicates that more work is needed to link the aboveground N uptake and the underground microbially mediated N transformation under different water-saving irrigation regimes.     

Vc、β-葡聚糖和藻粉对中国对虾幼虾生长、成活率及免疫酶活性的影响

在中国对虾幼虾的基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的维生素C(0、0.015%、0.030%、0.045%、0.060%)、β-葡聚糖(0、0.050%、0.075%、0.100%)和藻粉(0、2%、5%、7%),未添加组为对照组,探讨维生素C(Vc)、β-葡聚糖和藻粉对中国对虾幼虾成活率、相对增长(重)率及肌肉酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活性的影响。室内网箱饲养40 d试验结果表明,饲料中添加Vc后,0.030%组幼虾相对增重率和CAT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.045%组ACP、CAT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但Vc对SOD活性没有显著性影响,0.015%组LSZ活性极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);0.075%β-葡聚糖组的相对增重率、SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);添加7%藻粉能极显著提高相对增长(重)率(P<0.01),但ACP和LSZ活性呈极显著下降(P<0.01),添加5%藻粉能显著提高CAT活性(P<0.05)。     

A Novel C1q Domain-Containing Protein Isolated from the Mollusk Modiolus kurilensis Recognizing Glycans Enriched with Acidic Galactans and Mannans

C1q domain-containing (C1qDC) proteins are a group of biopolymers involved in immune response as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in a lectin-like manner. A new protein MkC1qDC from the hemolymph plasma of Modiolus kurilensis bivalve mollusk widespread in the Northwest Pacific was purified. The isolation procedure included ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by affinity chromatography on pectin-Sepharose. The full-length MkC1qDC sequence was assembled using de novo mass-spectrometry peptide sequencing complemented with N-terminal Edman’s degradation, and included 176 amino acid residues with molecular mass of 19 kDa displaying high homology to bivalve C1qDC proteins. MkC1qDC demonstrated antibacterial properties against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. MkC1qDC binds to a number of saccharides in Ca²⁺-dependent manner which characterized by structural meta-similarity in acidic group enrichment of galactose and mannose derivatives incorporated in diversified molecular species of glycans. Alginate, κ-carrageenan, fucoidan, and pectin were found to be highly effective inhibitors of MkC1qDC activity. Yeast mannan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and mucin showed an inhibitory effect at concentrations three orders of magnitude greater than for the most effective saccharides. MkC1qDC localized to the mussel hemal system and interstitial compartment. Intriguingly, MkC1qDC was found to suppress proliferation of human adenocarcinoma HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating to the biomedical potential of MkC1qDC protein.     

低温慢速粮食通风干燥技术及其应用

机械化收获在提高粮食收获作业速度的同时,也使粮食含水率保持在高水平,极易导致粮食发热霉变。推出两种简单、实用、经济的粮食干燥技术,阐述其工作原理和优缺点,介绍低温慢速通风干燥技术参数的选择依据,为该技术的应用和解决农户收获后粮食储藏难题提供参考。     

~(60)Co-γ射线对长毛明对虾诱变后子代幼体遗传变异的RAPD分析

本文首次使用60Co-γ射线对长毛明对虾进行诱变,将性腺成熟的长毛明对虾(Fenneropenaeus penicillatus)分为四组进行不同剂量的60Co-γ射线照射,采用RAPD技术对诱变子代的无节幼体基因组DNA多态性进行了检测。遗传相似系数用Nei的计算方法进行计算,遗传距离则用Lynch的计算方法进行计算。从20个随机寡核苷酸引物共检测154个位点,其中多态位点103个,占66.9%。单个引物获得的标记为4~11个,平均7.7个,分子量在100~2500bp之间。计算得到的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.7995~0.8696之间,相应的遗传距离变化范围则在0.1397~0.2288之间。实验表明:诱变子代与正常对照组相比,遗传多样性水平较高,诱变产生了较为显著的变异。     

基于16S rRNA和Cyt b基因序列探讨2种梅童鱼的遗传分化

比较分析了棘头梅童鱼（Collichthys lucidus）和黑鳃梅童鱼（C.niveatus）的16SrRNA和Cytb基因片段序列差异及遗传分化程度。在长度为526bp的16SrRNA和379bp的Cytb基因片段的核苷酸序列中,2种间共检测到44处核苷酸替代。分析结果表明,2个基因片段的鸟嘌呤（G）含量较低,在Cytb蛋白质编码基因第三密码子位点上表现尤为明显。基于16SrRNA和Cytb基因片段分析结果显示,2种间平均遗传距离分别为0．012和0．111。构建的系统树显示2种梅童鱼在这2个基因片段上存在显著的遗传分化。根据Cytb基因2％／百万年的进化速率推断,棘头梅童鱼与黑鳃梅童鱼的分化时间约为550万年,发生于上新世（Pliocene）早期。