基于线粒体控制区部分序列的大青鲨种群遗传结构研究

基于线粒体DNA ( mtDNA)控制区部分序列对采集自太平洋、大西洋、印度洋的5个大青鲨Prion-ace glauca群体165尾成鱼样本进行遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。结果表明：165尾大青鲨的mtDNA控制区片段长为694 bp,共得到110个变异位点,定义了145个单倍型,碱基组成中A为33.46%, T为36.40%, C为18.61%, G为11.53%, G+C含量为30.14%;单倍型多样性指数( Hd )在各个采样点都较高,平均值为0.9973±0.0014,核苷酸多样性指数(π)为0.01510±0.00091,这表明大青鲨群体的遗传多样性水平很高,遗传资源丰富;分子方差分析表明,99.28%的遗传变异出现在种群内,0.72%的遗传变异来自于种群间;采用邻接法构建的系统发育树表明,5个群体间未形成显著的遗传结构,群体间的高基因交流值( Nm )和低遗传分化指数( Fst )揭示了三大洋的大青鲨群体间基因交流频繁,不存在显著的遗传分化。     

不同郁闭度林茶复合模式对茶树光合日变化的影响

茶叶的产量和品质与生长环境关系非常密切,为探明林分不同郁闭度对茶树光合日变化的影响,本研究以不同郁闭度的栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）-茶（Camellia sinensis）复合系统中茶树为材料,纯茶园为对照（CK）,利用便携式LI-6400光合作用测定仪研究茶树分别在0.3（T1）、0.6（T2）和0.9（T3）郁闭度条件下的光合作用参数日变化。结果表明：随郁闭度增加,茶树光合有效辐射（PAR）和叶片温度（Tl）日均值和差值呈递减趋势,日变化呈单峰曲线;茶树净光合速率（Pn）日均值随郁闭度增加呈递减趋势,均表现双峰型曲线;CK和T1的蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）日变化午间受到明显的抑制且呈双峰曲线,T2和T3呈单峰型曲线。     

蓝果树种群径级结构与生命表分析

蓝果树是重要的乡土彩叶树种之一。为全面了解其种群数量时空动态变化规律,采用空间代时间法和匀滑技术编制种群静态生命表。结果表明:蓝果树种群径级结构处于稳定状态。死亡率和损失率2个死亡高峰分别出现在第3,4和8龄级,存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅱ型。生存分析4个函数曲线表明,蓝果树种群具有前期衰退,中后期稳定的特点。该研究可为蓝果树的经营管理和种群未来动态预测提供参考。     

Do plant species encourage soil biota that specialise in the rapid decomposition of their litter?

Plants are often nutrient limited and soil organisms are important in mediating nutrient availability to plants. Thus, there may be a selective advantage to plants that alter the soil community in ways that enhance the decomposition of their litter and, hence, their ability to access nutrients. We incubated litter from three tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus and Picea sitchensis) in the presence of biota extracted from soil beneath a stand of each species to test the hypothesis that litter decomposes fastest in the presence of biota derived from soil where that species is locally abundant. We found that respiration rate, a measure of decomposer activity and carbon mineralisation, was affected by litter type and source of soil biota, whereas, mass loss was only affected by litter type. However, litter from each tree species did not decompose faster in the presence of indigenous soil biota. These findings, therefore, provide no support for the notion that woodland plants encourage the development of soil communities that rapidly decompose their litter.     

野生甘草资源植冠种子库特性的初步研究

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)是荒漠地区具有植冠种子库的植物。成熟种子硬实率高达80%以上[1],自然条件下种子萌发率很低(约为5%-15%)[2]。本文研究了荒漠区野生甘草植冠种子库大小、种子活力、对土壤种子库的补充、种子脱落机理及植冠种子库的生态功能,指出野生甘草资源植冠种子库在甘草资源保护和恢复方面的重要作用。     

大型液化气低温储罐结构及其保冷设计

根据储存液化气大容量储罐的超低温特点，对液化石油气和液化天然气低温储存储罐的隔冷保温材料及其保温结构设计进行了研究，并对几种大型圆筒型立式储罐的结构设计及其技术经济特性进行了讨论和比较。     

耕地利用视角下全国粮食生产时空特征演变

为综合考虑耕地数量及各项因素对粮食生产的影响,基于对数平均迪式分解方法(LMDI)将影响粮食产量的因素分解为耕地面积、复种指数、种植结构和粮食单产四大因素,研究1996—2016年其对全国粮食产量变化的作用机制。结果表明:1)我国耕地数量持续减少,空间上呈现南部地区减少、北部地区增加的趋势,导致全国粮食产能重心北移。2)粮食单产、复种指数这些技术因素均是促进因素,其中单产提高对总产量提升贡献最大;期间耕地面积下降与种植结构调整则是粮食产量的抑制因素。研究认为,城市化过程中耕地面积减少不可避免,保证粮食安全不但需要严格保护耕地,而且必须强化"藏粮于技"战略实施,不断提高粮食单产与复种指数,以稳定与优化粮食生产。     

Effect of selection under cultivation on morphological traits and yield of Ladino white clover landraces

One reason for the relatively low genetic advance realized in forage legumes may be the possible selection, under the severe intraspecific competition occurring naturally during cultivation, of a few high-yielding genotypes that would be of similar value in a broadly-based landrace or old cultivar and a narrowly-based, modern variety. The effect of selection under cultivation was assessed in two Ladino white clover farm landraces. Genotypes collected from each farm after a three-year crop cycle (survivor populations), or obtained from the seed used to establish each meadow (original populations), were multiplied clonally and evaluated in isolation and monoculture conditions for one year. The occurrence of directional selection was observed only in the landrace featured by greater intra-population variation in favour of genotypes with longer petioles (+11%), larger leaf size (+13%), less stolons (–14%) and lower production of heads (–16%). Selection for the first two traits would imply an increase of competitive ability, whilst that for the fourth trait appeared mainly as a correlated response. The trade-off between leaf gigantism and head production could act as a buffering mechanism against rapid change in genotype frequencies following random mating. A slight trend towards directional selection for higher yield (+6%) in the same landrace was not statistically significant. No disruptive or stabilizing selection was observed for any trait in either landrace.     

桑沟湾养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)碎屑降解速率及影响因素

通过实验室可控条件,以桑沟湾(Sanggou Bay)养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)为研究对象,探讨养殖海带碎屑降解过程中营养盐释放速率及对底质、溶解氧的影响.实验设置2个底质条件(加底泥,无底泥)、2个溶氧条件(好氧,厌氧),各处理组设3个平行,实验持续27 d.结果显示,(1)加入底泥,可以促进海带碎屑的降解.实验结束时,加入底泥组无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、总磷(TP)的平均释放速率分别为1.234、1.802、0.028、0.033 μmo1/(g.d),显著高于未加底泥组的0.039、1.476、0.005、0.010 μmo1/(g·d).而未加底泥组的可溶性有机氮(DON)释放速率为1.437 μmo1/(g·d),显著高于底泥组的0.568 μmo1/(g.d).(2)厌氧条件有利于海带碎屑中P的降解释放,释放的TP中以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主.TP、DIP、DOP的降解速率显著高于非厌氧条件.但是,厌氧条件下无机氮释放速率为0.097 μmo1/(g·d),仅为好氧条件下无机氮的8％,而总氮为好氧条件下的71％.(3)底泥的加入显著提高了水体的N:P,达到207.83±301.37,厌氧状态使水体N:P降低到9.38±6.55,都较大的偏离对照组的16.82±1.26,远远偏离经典Redfield值(16∶1).整个实验说明养殖海带降解过程受底质、溶氧条件影响,同时,大量海带碎屑腐烂降解,将会对养殖系统的营养盐浓度及结构产生影响.     

一株苦参内生真菌的抑菌特性及活性成分的结构鉴定

 【目的】分离药用植物苦参内生真菌,明确其抑菌特性,确定内生真菌BS001发酵产生抗菌物质的种类及结构。【方法】采用常规的组织分离法对内生真菌进行分离,平板菌块法测定抑菌特性,捷克八层析试验确定其极性,柱层析及冷冻干燥的方法对其分离纯化,并利用TLC生物自显影进行跟踪,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定其纯度,1H-NMR、13C-NMR以及液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）等方法对其进行结构鉴定。【结果】从苦参种子中分离出1株内生真菌菌株,编号为BS001。该菌株对辣椒疫霉病菌、番茄炭疽病菌、油菜菌核病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌等病原菌具有抑制效果,其中对番茄炭疽病菌的抑菌直径达2.734 cm。其发酵液经进一步分离纯化后,用波谱学技术对其抑菌活性成分进行鉴定,结果表明其结构为6,7-(2′E)dibutenyl-5,8-dihydroxy-(Z)-cyclooct- 2-ene-1,4-dione。【结论】苦参中存在1株对多种病原菌具有抑制作用的内生真菌,经鉴定为土曲霉（Aspergillus terreu）。在该菌株发酵液中得到一种新抗菌活性物质,可用于生物药物及生物农药的开发。