降解柴油嗜盐菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性

柴油污染对人类健康和生态环境构成了严重威胁,微生物修复成为柴油污染治理常用的方法。以柴油为唯一碳源,筛选获得35株可利用柴油的嗜盐菌,通过测定柴油降解率筛选得到1株高效降解柴油嗜盐菌B-18;通过测定表面张力、排油圈直径,以及进行免疫溶血实验,筛选得到1株高产生物表面活性剂嗜盐菌B-2。B-2排油圈直径可达6 cm,所产生物表面活性剂将发酵液表面张力从74.88 mN·m^-1降至27.15 mN·m^-1,对3%柴油的降解率为44.80%,将该菌鉴定为嗜盐盐渍微菌属(Salimicrobium sp.)。B-18对3%柴油的降解率可达54.00%,鉴定其为盐水球菌属(Salinicoccus sp.),GC-MS方法显示,该菌能降解碳链长度在14~29的烷烃。柴油体积分数为5%时,在Gibbons培养基(GM)中B-2和B-18对柴油的降解率可由原来在无机盐培养基(MSM)中的35.52%和45.62%分别提高至49.08%和53.46%;在GM中混合接菌B-2和B-18对柴油的降解率提高至68.50%,适宜降解条件为100 g·L^-1 NaCl,温度为37 ℃,初始pH为7.5,降解率最高达到70.45%。通过扫描电镜发现,B-2和B-18在降解柴油时发生了形态的典型变化,嗜盐菌表面形成黏性物质,细胞呈不规则团聚,从而加速对柴油的吸收降解。高盐环境下,复合菌系B-2和B-18在柴油污染的生物修复中具有较强的应用潜力。     

以生活污水中油脂为复合碳源的特性菌株筛选与降解效率研究

为了构建一套高效率的污水处理体系,从污水样品中分离、筛选出一株对动植物油脂均具有较强降解能力的菌株jzz2。在生理生化特性和16srDNA序列系统发育分析的基础上,评价了该菌株对不同类型动植物油脂的降解能力,同时对其脂肪酶和生物表面活性剂活性进行了分析。研究发现,该菌株属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa,在含1％油脂的MS培养基中,30℃培养24h的Pseudomonas aerugilzosaJZZ2对橄榄油、色拉油、芝麻油和牛油的降解率分别为72．4％、90．2％、82．3％和84．5％,同样条件下培养48h的Pseudomonas cleruginosaJZZ2脂肪酶活性为2200U·L^-1,研究进一步发现油脂的添加能够促使其生物表面活性物质的产生。由此可见,Pseudornonas tieruginosaJZZ2对动植物油脂均具有较强的降解能力,能生成脂肪酶和生物表面活性物质是其具有油脂降解特性的主要原因之一。     

具有产表面活性剂功能石油降解菌的筛选及其发酵条件优化

从广州某炼油厂附近石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株可高效产表面活性剂的原油降解菌株MZ01,结合菌株形态观察、革兰氏染色和16S rDNA 序列同源性进行分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp. MZ01）,该菌9 d对原油的降解率达54.7%。通过正交实验优化其产表面活性剂的环境因子并进行发酵培养,结果表明,MZ01最佳发酵条件为：酵母膏（3 g·L-1）作为氮源,玉米油（2 g·L-1）作为碳源,温度为25 ℃,pH值为9.0和含盐量为5%。该条件下3 d的发酵产物经提纯后得到表面活性剂产量为2.27 g·L-1,测得该产物CMC值为0.1 g·L-1,可将水的表面张力从初始的72 mN·m-1降至30 mN·m-1。     

大庆油田聚合物驱后产生物表面活性剂本源菌研究

为了探索聚合物驱后进一步提高果收率的新技术,在大庆开展了聚驱后微生物调驱试验。从大庆油田4个聚合物驱后的采油井中筛选出三株排油圈直径大于4cm、表面张力从62．3mN／m降低到25．3mN／m、乳化性能较好的声生物表面活性剂的菌。将其培养条件优化,得到生长速度快、产量高的生物表面活性剂。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂微生物合成菌的筛选

对采集的16个样品经富集培养和平板分离,共获得122株菌株.采用排油活性法和表面张力测定法筛选出5株产表面活性剂的优良菌株,均能将发酵液表面张力降低到40.0mN/m以下.其中一株假单胞菌H0591菌株将发酵液表面张力下降到了32.2mN/m.该菌产生的表面活性刑具有良好的酸碱稳定性和耐温性,且显示出了很强的抗真菌活性.薄层色谱(TLC)后通过茚三酮显色分析表明该表面活性剂为脂肽类化合物.     

Biosurfactants Produced by Marine Microorganisms with Therapeutic Applications

Marine microorganisms possess unique metabolic and physiological features and are an important source of new biomolecules, such as biosurfactants. Some of these surface-active compounds synthesized by marine microorganisms exhibit antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogens), and could be used instead of existing drugs to treat infections caused by them. In other cases, these biosurfactants show anti-cancer activity, which could be envisaged as an alternative to conventional therapies. However, marine biosurfactants have not been widely explored, mainly due to the difficulties associated with the isolation and growth of their producing microorganisms. Culture-independent techniques (metagenomics) constitute a promising approach to study the genetic resources of otherwise inaccessible marine microorganisms without the requirement of culturing them, and can contribute to the discovery of novel biosurfactants with significant biological activities. This paper reviews the most relevant biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms with potential therapeutic applications and discusses future perspectives and opportunities to discover novel molecules from marine environments.     

重金属-有机复合污染土壤的电动强化修复研究

许多污染场地都呈现重金属和有机污染物叠加的趋势,给修复带来了困难和挑战。以红壤为供试土壤,以铜和芘为代表性污染物,研究了添加表面活性剂羟丙基-β-环糊精（HPCD）和氧化剂H2O2对电动修复该复合污染土壤的影响,其目的是实现重金属和有机污染物的同时去除。结果表明,在所有的处理中,芘和铜都有向阴极迁移的趋势;当提高土柱的pH时降低了芘的氧化和降解,同时也阻碍了土壤中铜的迁移和去除;阳极加10%HPCD,阴极控制酸性条件pH3.5有助于土壤中污染物的解吸和迁移,芘和铜的去除率分别可达到51.3%和80.5%;由于H2O2的不稳定性,添加6%H2O2并未明显提高芘和铜的去除率。     

Mosquito adulticidal activity of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis

BACKGROUND: A biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (VCRC B471), was effective in killing mosquito larval and pupal stages. As it was lethal to the non‐feeding pupal stage, it was presumed that it could kill the adult mosquitoes also. In this study, the adulticidal effect of the biosurfactant was assessed in the laboratory against a malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. RESULTS: The biosurfactant surfactin, separated from the culture supernatant of the production strain, showed mosquito adulticidal activity when tested as ultralow‐volume (ULV) spray in a Peet‐Grady chamber. Knockdown activity and mortality were found to increase with increasing surfactin dosage. Knockdown dosage (KD) and lethal dosage (LD) were calculated by statistical analysis. The KD₅₀ and KD₉₀ dosages were 10.73 and 26.39 mg m^?3 respectively. The LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ dosages were 16.13 and 39.21 mg m^?3. The average droplet size of B. subtilis surfactin was 17.5 ± 1.07 µm. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the biosurfactant surfactin, produced by B. subtilis subsp. subtilis (VCRC B471), is a potential bioadulticide for ULV spray against malaria‐transmitting Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. This is the first report of a mosquito adulticide from a microbial source. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

一株栖盐田菌Salinicola sp.W1的柴油降解特性研究

结合Plackett-Burman设计与响应面法,以柴油降解率为响应值,对一株栖盐田菌(Salinicola sp.)W1的柴油降解条件进行了优化。Plackett-Burman试验结果显示,Fe SO4浓度、NH4NO3浓度和转速是影响柴油降解的显著因素。利用响应面法对3个因素进行了优化,确定Salinicola sp.W1降解柴油的最佳条件是Fe SO4浓度为0.1 mg/L,NH4NO3浓度为0.7 g/L,转速为118 r/min。在最佳条件下,柴油的最大降解率可达95.2%。该菌株有望应用于高盐环境中柴油污染的微生物修复。     

茶皂素对潮土重金属污染的淋洗修复作用

为了探讨茶皂素淋洗修复土壤重金属污染的可行性,该文采用振荡提取和土柱淋洗的方法,研究了茶皂素对污染土壤中重金属的去除作用。结果表明,茶皂素溶液的浓度和土壤的pH值对重金属去除率有明显影响。土柱淋洗试验中,采用质量分数7%茶皂素溶液作淋洗液,pH 5.0±0.1、土液质量体积比1：4为最佳淋洗修复条件,此时,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的去除率分别为6.74%、42.38%、13.07%、8.75%,去除率的大小顺序为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb。茶皂素淋洗能有效去除酸溶态和可还原态的重金属,从而大大降低了重金属的环境风险,同时说明茶皂素用于土壤重金属污染淋洗修复有较大潜力。