Cosmetic,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Fish Gelatin/Hydrolysates

There are several reviews that separately cover different aspects of fish gelatin including its preparation, characteristics, modifications, and applications. Its packaging application in food industry is extensively covered but other applications are not covered or covered alongside with those of collagen. This review is comprehensive, specific to fish gelatin/hydrolysate and cites recent research. It covers cosmetic applications, intrinsic activities, and biomedical applications in wound dressing and wound healing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, implants, and bone substitutes. It also covers its pharmaceutical applications including manufacturing of capsules, coating of microparticles/oils, coating of tablets, stabilization of emulsions and drug delivery (microspheres, nanospheres, scaffolds, microneedles, and hydrogels). The main outcomes are that fish gelatin is immunologically safe, protects from the possibility of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth diseases, has an economic and environmental benefits, and may be suitable for those that practice religious-based food restrictions, i.e., people of Muslim, Jewish and Hindu faiths. It has unique rheological properties, making it more suitable for certain applications than mammalian gelatins. It can be easily modified to enhance its mechanical properties. However, extensive research is still needed to characterize gelatin hydrolysates, elucidate the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR), and formulate them into dosage forms. Additionally, expansion into cosmetic applications and drug delivery is needed.     

沱江流域不同土地利用方式紫色土有机碳储量特征

沱江流域是长江上游四川境内的重要支流，紫色土为其主要的耕地资源。由于长期人口过载和不合理利用，流域内紫色土退化普遍严重。以四川盆地沱江流域紫色土为研究对象，按流域各区段分上中下游三层选样，研究不同土地利用方式下紫色土有机碳储量特征，为紫色土退化评估及地力维护提供参考。结果显示，不同土地利用方式紫色土壤有机碳总量以林地（13．876g／kg）显著高于果园地（9．655g／kg）、菜园地（9．261g／kg）、草坡地（7．968g／kg），以玉米地（6．134g／kg）最低。水溶性有机碳的含量呈现林地〉果园地〉菜园地〉草坡地〉玉米地趋势。同时，流域上、中、下游紫色土有机碳总量总体上差异显著，且以上游区段紫色土壤有机碳总量最高。流域中下游紫色土有机碳总量变化较大。其中，林地以下游高于中游，果园及草坡地以中游高于下游。而且，菜园地、玉米地在3个区段上差异未达显著水平。沱江流域紫色土有机碳储量总体特征表现上游最高，中下游变化复杂，下游略高于中游区域。     

Physicohemical basis for the preferential uses of certain rice varieties

Rice varieties such as IR-20, Ponni, Bhavani and IR-50 that are preferred for cooking showed larger surface area, higher water uptake at 96°C, greater cooked volume, soft gel consistency and greater elongation ratio. Rice varieties which are exclusively used for makingidli anddosai exhibited lower protein content, medium alkali score and higher percentage of total as well as soluble starch and amylopectin. Rice varieties which are used for making flakes showed hard gel consistency, higher alkali digestibility values, lower soluble amylose content and relatively higher amount of hot water-soluble reducing sugars. Varieties used for making puffed rice do not show any specific characteristics to differentiate them from the above types. All the rice varieties studied belong to the high amylose group except ASD-1 which belongs to the medium amylose group.     

第二军医大学1998-2007年发表的生物医学英文论文统计分析

对MEDLINE 1998-2007年收录第二军医大学发表的生物医学英文论文进行文献计量学分析。统计发现,虽然该校英文论文数量呈逐年上升趋势,但其质量还有待提高。

     

不同经济发展阶段下我国的森林资源利用与保护

森林资源是经济发展过程中重要的投入要素,不同经济发展水平下的森林资源利用与保护具有明显的阶段性特征,反映了人类对森林资源的认识程度和发展林业的核心目标。依据经济发展阶段划分的相关理论,本文将我国的经济发展划分为4个阶段,研究了各发展阶段森林资源利用与保护的特点。分析认为:随着经济总量增加和经济增长方式的转变,森林利用的形式从单一趋向综合,对森林质量的要求不断提高,并决定着森林保护的形式和力度。     

不同利用方式下土壤有机质和全磷的可见近红外高光谱反演

以太湖流域直湖港小流域稻田、桃园和菜地的土壤样本为研究对象,研究了不同光谱建模方法和土地利用方式对土壤有机质和全磷高光谱反演的影响。结果表明:(1)偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial least squarer egression,PLSR)模型的建模和预测精度较高且稳定;人工神经网络中广义回归神经网络(Generalized regression neural network,GRNN)网络预测精度较高但易出现过拟合现象,反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)网络比较稳健但精度略低;偏最小二乘与人工神经网络相结合则可综合两者优点,改善复杂样本下的预测精度。(2)土壤有机质的光谱反演结果优于全磷。3种土地利用方式中,稻田的预测效果总体优于桃园和菜地。在当前研究区域内土地利用方式对土壤有机质光谱反演影响不大,但对全磷反演影响较大。今后利用光谱对土壤全磷反演时需分土地利用方式对模型进行校准。     

Land-use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean highland of Turkey

Forest and grassland soils in highlands of southern Mediterranean Turkey are being seriously degraded and destructed due to extensive agricultural activities. This study investigated the effects of changes in land-use type on some soil properties in a Mediterranean plateau. Three adjacent land-use types included the cultivated lands, which have been converted from pastures for 12 years, fragmented forests, and unaltered pastures lands. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from four sites at each of the three different land-use types from depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Typic Haploxeroll soils with an elevation of about 1400 m. When the pasture was converted into cultivation, soil organic matter (SOM) pool of cultivated lands for a depth of 0–20 cm were significantly reduced by, on average 49% relative to SOM content of the pasture lands. There was no significant difference in SOM between the depths in each land-use type, and SOM values of the forest and pasture lands were almost similar. There was also a significant change in soil bulk density (BD) among cultivation (1.33 Mg m⁻³), pasture (1.19 Mg m⁻³), and forest (1.25 Mg m⁻³) soils at depth of 0–20 cm. Only for the pasture, BD of the depth of 0–10 cm was significantly different from that of 10–20 cm. Depending upon the increases in BD and disruption of pores by cultivation, total porosity decreased accordingly. Cultivation of the unaltered pasture obviously increased the soil erodibility measured by USLE-K factor for each soil depth, and USLE-K factor was approximately two times greater in the cultivated land than in the pasture indicating the vulnerability of the cultivated land to water erosion. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregation (WSA) were greater in the pasture and forest soils compared to the cultivated soils, and didn’t change with the depth for each land-use type. Aggregates of >4.0 mm size were dominant in the pasture and forest soils, whereas the cultivated soils comprised aggregates of the size ≤0.5 mm. I found that samples collected from cultivated land gave the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity values regardless of soil depths, whereas the highest values were measured on samples from forest soils. In conclusion, the results showed that the cultivation of the pastures degraded the soil physical properties, leaving soils more susceptible to the erosion. This suggests that land disturbances should be strictly avoided in the pastures with the limited soil depth in the southern Mediterranean highlands.     

Molecular Architecture and Biomedical Leads of Terpenes from Red Sea Marine Invertebrates

Marine invertebrates including sponges, soft coral, tunicates, mollusks and bryozoan have proved to be a prolific source of bioactive natural products. Among marine-derived metabolites, terpenoids have provided a vast array of molecular architectures. These isoprenoid-derived metabolites also exhibit highly specialized biological activities ranging from nerve regeneration to blood-sugar regulation. As a result, intense research activity has been devoted to characterizing invertebrate terpenes from both a chemical and biological standpoint. This review focuses on the chemistry and biology of terpene metabolites isolated from the Red Sea ecosystem, a unique marine biome with one of the highest levels of biodiversity and specifically rich in invertebrate species.     

特用玉米及其病虫害发生与防治对策

我国玉米种植结构处于调整阶段 ,随着包括高油玉米、优质蛋白玉米、甜玉米和糯玉米等一系列特用玉米的发展 ,玉米病虫害发生危害规律也将随之发生变化。本文就我国玉米生产的现状、特用玉米发展与病虫害发生趋势进行了分析 ,并提出了防治对策。     

北方农牧交错带不同退耕方式对生态健康的影响——以武川县为例

以北方农牧交错带武川县为例,针对不同的土地利用方式,对其影响下的生态系统健康状况进行综合评价。选择天然草地、退耕还灌地(柠条地)、退耕还草地(苜蓿地)三类具有代表性的土地类型为研究对象,采用生态系统健康的理论和评价方法,选用生物量、生物多样性指数、土壤含水量和土壤养分含量等指标,从生态系统的活力、组织力和恢复力三方面,对生态系统的健康状况进行了分析比较。结果表明:天然草地具有最高的活力和组织力;两种退耕方式对生态系统活力的影响没有显著差别;退耕还灌较退耕还草地具有较高的物种多样性;退耕还草比退耕还灌消耗更多的土壤水分;两种退耕方式对土壤养分的影响不显著。从水分涵养的角度看,当前退耕还灌较退耕还草好。