铝胁迫下硝普钠对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响

用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理铝胁迫下的黑麦和小麦幼苗,探讨铝胁迫和铝胁迫下外源NO对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响。结果表明:铝显著抑制黑麦和小麦根的伸长生长,小麦受抑制更为严重;SNP处理可缓解铝对黑麦和小麦根伸长生长的抑制作用,1 mmol/L SNP处理最有效。小麦根尖对铝的吸附量和吸附速率显著高于黑麦的,1 mmol/L SNP处理显著降低小麦和黑麦细胞壁对铝的吸附量,使根尖铝含量显著下降。铝与根尖细胞壁的结合是导致植物铝毒害的重要原因,而降低根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附是外源NO缓解铝毒害的重要机制。     

叠氮化钠处理预辐照冬小麦适宜方法的研究

浸种能显著提高NaN_3对M_1代幼苗的损伤效应,并延迟种子萌发始期。M_1代平均苗高和出苗率随NaN_3浓度的增加或处理时间的延长而降低。γ辐照与NaN_3之间有显著的互作效应。以平均苗高略高于对照的一半为指标,经200Gy~(60)Coγ射线辐照的种子,预浸10—12小时后,用2mM浓度的NaN_3处理2小时,是冬小麦较适宜的处理组合。品种特性不同须稍加调整。     

Arsenic-contaminated soils phytotoxicity studies with sunflower and sorghum

Background, Aim and Scope  Environmental pollution caused by arsenic (As) is a major ecological problem. There has been intense worldwide effort to find As-hyperaccumulating plants that can be used in phytoremediation—the green-plant-assisted removal of chemical pollutants from soils. For phytoremediation, it is natural to prefer cultivated rather than wild plants, because their agriculture is well known. This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of common sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) and sugar sorghum(Sorghum saccharatum Pers.) for soil-As contents of 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil, with sodium arsenite as a model contaminant. Methods  Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 30 days. Microfield experiments were conducted on experimental plots. To study the phytoremediation effect of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we treated 1- and 3-day-old plant seedlings with water solutions of the auxins (concentrations 10^-5, 10^-7, and 10^-9 g l^-1). The soil and plant-biomass samples were analyzed for total As by using the color reaction of ammonium molybdate with As. Results and Discussion  Phytotoxicity studies showed that 100 mg As kg^-1 soil poisoned sunflower and sorghum growth by 50%. There was a linear correlation between soil-As content and As accumulation in the plants. Laboratory experiments showed that the soil-As content was reduced two- to threefold after sunflower had been grown with 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil for 30 days. Treatment of sunflower and sorghum seedlings with IAA and 2,4-D at a concentration of 10^-5 g l^-1 in microfield experiments enhanced the phytoremediation two- to fivefold as compared with untreated control plants. The best results were obtained with 3-day-old seedlings. Conclusion, Recommendation and Outlook  (a) Sunflower and sorghum are good candidates to remediate As-polluted soils. (b) Phytoremediation can be improved with IAA or 2,4-D. (c) Mixed cropping of sorghum and sunflower may be another way of improving phytoremediation.     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对蒲公英种子发芽及成苗的影响

以蒲公英种子为试材，在NaCl和Na2SO4盐溶液中发芽，幼苗在持续盐胁迫条件下成苗生长。结果表明，当浓度为3500mg／kg时，NaCl和Na2SO4分别严重抑制了蒲公英种子的发芽，达到极显著水平。NaCl对种子发芽率的抑制强于Na2SO4。蒲公英成苗胁迫试验中，NaCl，Na2SO4浓度分别为5000mg／kg时，严重影响蒲公英成苗率、幼苗根、茎的生长和鲜干重比值，对叶绿素含量影响不大。种子发芽期问适当浓度的NaCl和Na2SO4盐溶液胁迫有助于诱导蒲公英幼苗耐盐性的产生。     

模拟污灌条件下土壤碱度和石膏施用对营养元素动态变化的影响

通过室内土柱淋洗试验,研究了污灌条件下土壤碱度和石膏施用对土壤中营养元素动态变化的影响。结果显示,施用石膏可使碱性土壤淋出液的pH值降低至与非碱性土壤的相似,由此引起的土壤盐分增加现象在经过大约15个孔隙体积(PV)水量的淋洗后基本消失。污水中较多的Ca导致在污灌情况下为改良碱土而施用的石膏不能充分发挥作用。土壤中Na离子的存在影响作物对营养元素的利用。污灌条件下Mg、K和P在土壤中累积,灌溉污水中的53.1%￣78.7%的Mg、33.4%￣58.1%的K以及32.7%￣95.5%的P被吸持在土壤中。Mg和P在碱性土壤中的累积程度明显地大于非碱性土壤,施用石膏明显地减小了K和P,但增大了Mg在碱性土壤中的累积程度。B在非碱性土壤中轻微淋溶而在碱性土壤(不论石膏施用与否)中累积。经过19￣23PV的污水淋洗后,碱性土壤中的B含量增大了14倍左右,而在施用石膏后其含量只增大了68.4%,石膏的施用显著地减小了碱性土壤中B的累积程度。B元素在碱性土壤中的累积是影响试验用污水长期灌溉应用的关键因素。     

大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜提高草莓贮藏效果

为了减少草莓在贮藏过程中的腐败变质延长草莓保质期,在质量分数为1.0%的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液中添加大蒜精油(体积分数:0、2、4、6μL/100 m L)制成复合溶液作为涂膜材料,涂膜液浸泡30 s于新鲜草莓表面,分析草莓在(20±2)℃贮藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明,与对照组未涂膜相比,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料能显著(P0.05)降低草莓在贮藏过程中的的呼吸作用强度和腐烂变质(P0.05),减少果实失重率;延缓草莓果实花色苷的分解,有良好的护色作用;另外,大蒜精油-羧甲基纤维素钠复合涂膜材料减少了草莓中可滴定酸度、维生素C、可溶性固形物的分解及丙二醛的累积。综合不同处理组草莓在贮藏过程中的品质变化,确定当大蒜精油添加量为4μL/100 m L时,草莓有较佳的保鲜效果,可为草莓果实的贮藏保鲜方法提供参考。     

Specificity of polycllonal and monoclonal antibodies for the identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (PCAs and MCAs), produced to whole cells and flagellar extracts ofXanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc), respectively, were tested for specificity. In immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) the three PCAs tested, reacted at low dilutions with all Xcc strains, some other xanthomonads and non-xanthomonads. At higher dilutions most cross-reactivity with non-xanthomonad strains disappeared. However, the cross-reactivity with strains ofX. c. pv.vesicatoria (Xcv),X. c. pv.amoraciae (Xca) andX. c. pv.phaseoli var. fuscans (Xcpf) remained.Six MCA-producing cell clones viz. 20H6, 2F4, 18G12, 10C5, 17C12 and 16B5 were selected for specificity tests with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), IF and a dot-blot immunoassay (DBI). None of the MCAs reacted with all Xcc strains in IF and EIA. In DBI, only MCAs 17C12 and 16B5 reacted with all Xcc strains. All six MCAs tested, cross-reacted in one of either tests with other pathovars ofX. campestris, such as Xcv or Xca. The MCAs were also tested in immunoblotting experiments using total bacterial extracts, cell envelope and flagellar extracts. MCAs 20H6, 2F4, 18G12 and 10C5 reacted with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Xcc. MCAs 16B5 and 17C12 reacted with a 39 kilodalton and a 29 kilodalton protein, respectively.It is concluded that the PCAs and MCAs discussed in this study may be used for routine identification and differentiation of (a group of) Xcc strains. The significance of the cross-reactions with other pathovars ofX. campestris needs to be determined by testing seed lots.     

Effect of dietary moisture and sodium content on urine composition and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy miniature schnauzers and labrador retrievers

The aim of this series of studies was to evaluate two possible feeding strategies as methods for reducing the risk of calcium oxalate (CaOx) formation in two breeds of healthy dog. The studies compared the effect of dietary moisture (Study 1) and dietary sodium (Na), (Study 2) on urine composition of labrador retrievers (LR) and miniature schnauzers (MS). A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to 16 dogs (eight LR, eight MS; Study 1) and 15 dogs (seven LR, eight MS; Study 2) for 24 days (Study 1), or 36 days (Study 2). The dogs were fed the diet alone (7% moisture, 0.06 g Na/100 kcal), or supplemented with deionised water to 73% moisture (Study 1), or dietary Na, to deliver 0.20 or 0.30 g Na per 100 kcal (Study 2). Urine pH, volume, specific gravity, and concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog. Urinary relative supersaturations (RSS) with CaOx were calculated from these values. The effects of supplemental Na or water were established using t tests (Study 1) or analysis of variance, and multiple range tests (least significant difference) (Study 2); P<0.05 was considered significant. Increasing dietary moisture significantly increased total moisture intake (P=0.001), and reduced urine specific gravity (P=0.003), urinary oxalate concentration (P=0.04), and CaOx relative supersaturation (P=0.04) in the MS. Urinary parameters remained unchanged in the LR, indicating that feeding a high moisture diet may reduce the risk of CaOx formation in high-risk breeds. Increasing dietary Na led to production of urine with a significantly lower CaOx RSS in both breeds, indicating that sodium supplementation to dry diet formats may reduce the risk of CaOx formation. These feeding strategies should be considered when evaluating methods for preventing CaOx formation within high-risk groups.     

Effect of ammonium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on anthracnose of papaya

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal organism of anthracnose inCarica papaya L. (papaya, papaw). The effect of ammonium carbonate (3%) or sodium bicarbonate (2%) in aqueous solution or when incorporated into a wax formulation on anthracnose severity in inoculated or naturally infected fruits was examined. Both salts had significant effects, but that of ammonium carbonate was greater than that of sodium bicarbonate in controlling anthracnose. Ammonium carbonate (3%) incorporated into the wax formulation effectively reduced anthracnose incidence by 70% in naturally infected papaya and extended the storage life by maintaining the firmness, color and overall quality of the fruit in low temperature storage (13.5°C) and 95% r.h. for 21 days followed by 2 days under marketing conditions. The mode of action of ammonium carbonate on the control of anthroacnose appears to bevia complete inhibition of radial mycelial growth and conidia germination. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 14, 2002.     

双波长分光光度法测定复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液中两主药的含量

采用双波长分光光度法测定复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液中两主药的含量,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠的测定波长为262 nm,参比波长为303.5 nm;甲氧苄啶的测定波长为288 nm。磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠和甲氧苄啶平均回收率分别为98.30%和97.09%。本法操作简便、快速、准确可靠,适用于同时检测复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠和甲氧苄啶的含量。