不同播期、收获期和储存期对优质长粒籼稻整精米率的影响

整精米率是影响优质长粒籼稻发展的重要因素之一.为明确长江中下游稻区优质长粒籼稻适宜的播期、收获期和储存期,以3个长粒优质常规籼稻为材料,探讨了不同播期(5月10日、5月20日、5月25日、5月30日)、收获期(90％谷粒成熟、完全成熟、完全成熟后6d)、储存期(10 d、40 d、60 d)对水稻整精米率的影响.结果 ...     

强制夹持式玉米精量排种器的设计

新疆玉米种植采用地膜覆盖,膜下滴灌,膜上点播的栽培技术,针对玉米膜上精量点播的技术要求,根据强制夹持原理,提出一种新型的机械强制夹持玉米精量排种的方法,通过对3种玉米种子的物理力学特性进行测定,以及对取种、投种过程进行深入的理论分析,建立数学模型,为排种器的结构设计提供依据.在JPS-12计算机视觉技术排种器试验台上对试制排种器进行台架试验,验证了强制夹持式排种器在对玉米形状为小圆、小扁具有良好的适应性,当工作速度3.5 km/h时,单粒率＞85％,满足玉米精量播种要求.     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 3. Effects of firming of seedbeds with various sowing depths and water contents

Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed directly on the ground in the field to study the effects of seedbed properties on the emergence of various crops in a cool temperate climate. In a group of experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we studied the effects on crop emergence of firming (slight compaction) of the seedbed, simulating the recompacting effects of rolling after sowing or press wheels on the seed coulters. Most of the experiments were carried out without irrigation after sowing. The firming usually had a slightly positive effect on emergence when the water content in the surface layer at sowing was below the wilting point. When the water content in the surface layer was higher, firming often reduced emergence drastically, particularly with deep sowing and in coarse-textured soils. The main reason for negative effects was harmful hardening of the surface layer when the more firm seedbed gradually dried out. When irrigation kept the seedbed continuously moist, the negative effect of firming was almost eliminated. Very high initial water content in the basal layer tended to delay surface layer drying and hardening, and to reduce the negative effect of firming. Firming only slightly influenced the evaporative water losses from the soil. In contrast to the results presented here, previous field trials with cereals have usually resulted in more positive effects of rolling after sowing. This indicates that other effects than firming, such as modification of sowing depth and reshaping of the soil surface, are other important effects of rolling.     

Nitrogen nutrition,leaf resistance,and leaf photosynthetic rate of the rice plant

The evidence that indicates a close association between nitrogen nutrition and the Photosynthetic rate of single rice leaves (Table 1) shows that the photosynthetic rate is related to the nitrogen content on a dry weight basis or on a leaf area basis, Photosynthesis of single leaves can be analyzed in terms of a series of diffusion resistances, i.e., stomatal, mesophyll, and carboxylation (1, 3, 6). Nitrogen nutrition may affect either one of these or more than two at the same time. Nitrogen nutrition affects mainly the mesophyll resistance, and the stomatal resistance to a lesser extent, in cotton, beans, and maize (10) while it affects both the stomatal and mesophyll resistance in sugar beet (8).     

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.     

山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析

为探究水稻免耕旱直播在山东省的适应性,使用2BDMM-8稻麦宽苗带灭茬播种机,在涛雒稻麦轮作两熟区和高青春季稻一熟区分别进行了免耕旱直播试验,以机械育苗插秧为对照,分析免耕旱直播对水稻株高、分蘖情况的影响,对不同种植方式下的水稻产量及产量构成因素、生产成本等进行统计分析。结果表明:水稻免耕旱直播与机械育苗插秧相比,生育期短,生长速度快,株高无显著差异;分蘖率分别为57%和58%,比插秧对照低6.5%和10.4%;产量分别为8 970和10 020 kg/hm2,与插秧对照无显著差异(P0.05),验证了水稻免耕旱直播在山东常规稻种植区基本可行。通过成本比较,免耕旱直播成本比插秧对照分别节约2 472和3 312元/hm2,说明免耕旱直播在山东地区有很好的推广前景。该研究为山东常规稻种植区免耕旱直播提供了参考。     

内窝孔式棉花精量穴播轮的试验

目前,新疆棉花种植广泛采用半精量穴播轮,其原理是勺式取种,存在下种量大、重播率高、下种不均匀、后续工作量大等缺陷,已不适应当前棉花产业发展要求。气吸式精量穴播轮可实现一穴一粒,准确率高,但气吸式棉花穴播机结构复杂、造价高,对机具维护、使用者技能以及整地有较高要求。另外,作业时拖拉机须保持高速运转,能源消耗大,因而限制了气吸式精量穴播轮的普及和推广。为此,将内窝孔取种原理应用于棉花精量取种,介绍了内窝孔式穴播轮的结构和工作过程,并进行了排种试验和分析。由试验得知,内窝孔式取种原理可用于新疆棉花的精量取种。     

水稻种绳捻制机的研制与试验

介绍了一种水稻种绳捻制机,该机主要由排种机构、捻绳机构和卷绳机构3部分组成。它将稻种按照要求的穴距和每穴粒数卷在2cm宽的(无纺布)纸带内,制成种绳,并将种绳卷成盘后待播。直播时,将卷好稻种的种绳盘挂在研制的种绳播放器两侧,将绳的端部固定在地头,然后人工拉动种绳播放器前进,1次完成开沟、放种绳、覆土等作业。试验结果表明,加工种绳的平均穴距为2.5cm,空穴率为1.5%,平均每穴粒数为1.48,种绳绕劲个数为43个/m,基本上达到了设计要求。但卷绳速度为0.8m/s,有待提高。水稻种绳直播技术的突出特点是实现了种绳捻制作业的工厂化和田间播种作业的轻型化。     

水稻‘甬优15’分期播种的气象条件适宜性试验研究

研究旨在通过分期播种试验,得到水稻‘甬优15’在本地播种最适宜播期,以提高其产量及品质。根据2016—2020年龙游国家农业气象试验站‘甬优15’分期播种试验数据和2018—2019年水稻品质数据,通过对比试验,得到‘甬优15’的产量与品质和播期的关系。结果表明：（1）播期对‘甬优15’的全生育天数和灌浆期天数有一定影响,主要表现为播期越晚全生育天数减少,灌浆期延长;（2）22℃是灌浆期水稻正常发育阈值,低于22℃的灌浆期平均气温会明显增加水稻灌浆乳熟时间;（3）‘甬优15’水稻直链淀粉含量普遍在10%左右,较易糊化,蛋白质含量接近7%,口感与营养含量较为平衡;（4）当播期推迟至6月中旬之后,‘甬优15’产量有明显降低,品质也有所下降;（5）‘甬优15’播种期控制在5月下旬6月上旬,能明显改善龙游本地单季晚稻产量。     

底墒对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响研究

针对甘肃陇东旱作雨养农业区的冬小麦产量低而不稳,水分利用效率低下,冬小麦夏季休闲期正值该区的降雨高峰期,降雨和无效蒸发同步且土壤保持水分不足的问题开展试验研究。通过夏季休闲期的地膜覆盖、集雨抑蒸,提高播前底墒,并对模拟底墒试验的产量、水分利用效率进行了研究分析得出:播前底墒对该区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有显著的影响,通过提高底墒,对于稳定产量有较大贡献,提高生育期降水利用率,对提高产量有较大贡献。在分析多年研究资料的基础上,提出了该区冬小麦产量和播前土壤水分含量之间的模拟关系式以及冬小麦产量和生育期降雨量之间的模拟关系式。