Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

肉苁蓉种子带菌检测研究

为研究不同产地肉苁蓉种子携带真菌优势菌群和带菌率的差异,采用平皿法对肉苁蓉种子进行外部（洗涤法和干种子法）、内部（种子消毒法与种仁消毒法）带菌检测。结果表明,肉苁蓉种子携带菌群主要为曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）、交链孢属（Alternaria spp.）、镰孢属（Fusarium spp.）、青霉属（Penicillium spp.）及少量的散囊菌属（Eurotium spp.）。不同产地肉苁蓉种子携带菌群及带菌率差异不显著,但分离频率有一定差异。研究结果为肉苁蓉种子标准的制定提供参考。     

转双价棉丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与植株养分含量变化的研究

通过灭菌盆栽接种试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus caledonium对转双价(Bt+CpTI)棉和常规棉石远321的侵染率和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在观测期间,转双价棉与同源常规棉之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率在同一时期均无显著差异,但植株氮、磷养分含量在一些时期明显不同,其变化随棉花品种、生育期不同而不同。转双价棉苗期根系全氮和蕾期、吐絮期地上部全磷以及苗期、蕾期和花铃期根系全磷含量显著高于常规棉(P<0.05),而蕾期地上部全氮和吐絮期根系全氮显著低于常规棉(P<0.05)。聚类分析表明,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和植株养分含量变化主要受生长时期的影响,转双价棉种植对其影响是非常有限的。     

Glomus-wetland rice mycorrhizas influenced by nursery inoculation techniques under high fertility soil conditions

 We investigated the effect of nursery inoculation techniques on mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation, growth responses, and nutrient (N and P) uptake to determine the suitable nursey inoculation method of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-fertility soil conditions. Seedlings were produced in dry-nursery (DN, watered to 60% of –0.03 MPa) and wet-nursery (WN, 3–5 cm water from the soil surface) conditions with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (Glomus spp.) inoculation. Soil was γ-ray sterilized before use in this experiment. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 56% in DN and 23% in WN plants at 6 weeks of growth. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was significantly higher in plants of DN origin than in WN plants after transplantation to the pots, irrespective of growing stages. Mycorrhizal colonization was significantly decreased to 28% in DN plants and to 25% in WN plants at harvest. The grain yield was significantly influenced by nursery conditions. N and P acquisition of wetland rice plants inoculated with Glomus spp. was significantly greater than that of non-inoculated plants at maturity, especially in those originating from DN conditions. P translocation from shoots to grain was accelerated by mycorrhizas. Received: 6 April 1997     

Inter‐specific variability in organic nitrogen uptake of three temperate grassland species

We tested the inter‐specific variability in the ability of three dominant grasses of temperate grasslands to take up organic nitrogen (N) in the form of amino acids in soils of differing fertility. Amino acid uptake was determined by injecting dual labeled glycine‐2‐¹³C‐¹⁵N into the soil, and then measuring the enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in plant tissue after 50 hours. We found enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in root and shoot material of all species in both soils, providing first evidence for direct uptake of glycine. We show that there was considerable inter‐specific variability in amino acid uptake in the low fertility soil. Here, direct uptake of amino acid was greater in the grass Agrostis capillaris, which typically dominates low fertility grassland, than Lolium perenne, which inhabits more fertile sites. Direct uptake of amino acid for Holcus lanatus. was intermediate between the above two species. Unlike in the low fertility soil, there was no difference in uptake of either ¹³C or ¹⁵N by grasses in the high fertility soil, where uptake of mineral N is thought to be the major mechanism of N uptake of these grasses. Overall, our findings may contribute to our understanding of differences in competitive interactions between grasses in soils of different fertility status.     

Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and -solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil

The effects of organic manure, mineral fertilizer (NPK), and P-deficiency fertilization (NK) on the individual biomass of young wheat plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in wheat root systems, population sizes of soil organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPMB) and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria (IPSB) as well as soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potential were investigated in a long-term (18-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five treatments: organic manure, an equal mixture of organic manure and mineral fertilizer, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). Plant biomass, population sizes of soil OPMB and IPSB were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the application of organic manure and slightly increased by the balanced application of mineral fertilizer, while undiminished AM colonization in wheat root system was only observed in the case of the NK treatment. Compared to balanced fertilization, P-deficiency fertilization resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of OPMB-specific mineralization potential (soil P-mineralization potential per OPMB cell) and highest IPSB-specific solubilization potential (soil P-solubilization potential per IPSB cell), suggesting that OPMB and IPSB are likely more metabolically active in P-deficiency fertilized soils after long-term fertilizer management, and mycorrhizal plants are more dependent on AM in P-poor soils than in P-fertilized soils. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer versus organic manure on soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potentials, as well as specific potentials of OPMB and IPSB in arable soils.     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫水稻秧苗生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）对镉胁迫水稻秧苗生长发育的影响,为利用AMF菌根技术减少稻米镉超标提供理论指导。【方法】分别在无镉胁迫和1 mg/kg镉胁迫的水稻育秧土壤中接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae,FM）和根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis,RI）,以接种等量高温高压灭菌后的FM+RI菌剂为对照,30 d时测定这2种AMF对水稻秧苗根系的侵染率,并分析其对秧苗株高、生物量、叶绿素含量以及镉含量的影响。【结果】在无镉胁迫的条件下,FM、RI对水稻秧苗根系的侵染率分别为33.4%和24.9%;与对照相比,FM和RI处理秧苗的株高分别增加8.6%和7.6%（P<0.05）,生物量和叶绿素含量无显著性差异。在1 mg/kg镉胁迫的条件下,FM、RI对根系的侵染率分别为25.1%和20.3%;与对照相比,FM和RI处理秧苗的株高分别增加26.5%和21.0%（P<0.05）,生物量分别增加33.1%和18.6%（P<0.05）,叶绿素含量分别增加16.1%和15.2%（P<0.05）,根系镉含量分别增加186.2%和207.7%（P<0.05）,地上部分镉含量分别减少40.2%和36.8%（P<0.05）,镉转运系数均降低80.0%（P<0.05）。【结论】FM和RI能够显著促进镉胁迫水稻秧苗的生长发育,增强根系对镉的固定能力,减少镉从地下部分到地上部分的转运。     

4种菌根真菌对五氯酚耐受性及其生理基础研究

通过纯培养的方法，研究了4种外生菌根真菌——美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)、丝膜菌、(Cortinarrus russus)和厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)的生长效应、对五氯酚的耐受性，并采用点试方法对真菌氧化还原酶的产生情况进行了检测。结果表明，4种外生菌根真菌在MM培养基上的生长速率显著高于MMN培养基。4种外生菌根真菌对五氯酚均有一定的耐受性，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)耐受性最高，其生长抑制率显著低于其它真菌。酶测试结果表明，厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌是4种真菌中氧化还原酶活性较强且酶种类多样的菌株，它表现出很高的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶活性，是一种具有高效降解芳环结构污染物潜力的菌根真菌。4种真菌在生物量和“酸化效应”方面差异较大。厚环粘盖乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)对五氯酚的高耐受性可能与其产酶特性和“酸化效应”有关。     

食用菌育种的研究进展

对食用菌育种目标及单孢分离、组织分离、杂交育种、原生质体融合、理化诱变、空间诱变、分子生物学等育种方法的研究进展进行了综述,认为随着生物学的发展,杂交育种、原生质体融合及分子生物学方法仍然是食用菌育种的发展方向。     

食用菌渣肥和氮磷钾组合对青椒产量品质的效应

采用回最优设计研究食用菌渣与氮，磷，钾肥组合对青椒的效应。结果表明，施用菌渣能改善土壤条件和氮，磷的有效性，从而提高青椒果实的产量及糖分和维生素Ｃ的含量。寻优计算表明，每盆青椒果实达３９０－４５０ｇ时，需施菌渣肥１３３．３０－１５０．１９ｇ，Ｎ３．１８－３．５１ｇ，ｐ２Ｏ５１．７３－１．９４ｇ，ｋ２Ｏ１．３４－１．６９ｇ。