The effects of sulforaphane on canine osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion

Recent evidence in in vitro and in vivo models suggests that sulforaphane (SFN), found in raw cruciferous vegetables, may have utility in chemoprevention, as an antineoplastic agent and as a free radical scavenger. The effects of SFN alone or with doxorubicin on cell viability were examined, as well as cell cycle kinetics, invasion capabilities and apoptosis in three canine osteosarcoma cell line (D17, OS 2.4 and HMPOS). Results showed that SFN could not induce cell death at potentially physiological concentrations (<50 μM), but significantly diminished cell invasion and downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Modest cell cycle changes were observed in each cell line. When doxorubicin was used in conjunction with SFN, there was a protective effect to doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity in D17 and OS 2.4 cells. Further studies examining SFN as a supplement are warranted, particularly in light of pro‐proliferative and cytoprotective properties in canine osteosarcoma.     

对INT-FAK信号通路调控脑缺血后神经细胞凋亡的思考

脑缺血性疾病是人类健康的主要杀手之一,相关研究表明,神经细胞的凋亡是造成脑缺血疾病中神经系统损害的主要机制之一,而以整合素-黏着斑激酶（INT-FAK）控制调节的PI3K/PDK/Akt以及Raf/MEK/ERK两条主要信号途径引起的细胞凋亡是其主要作用机制。凋亡过程出现的诸多能加以调控的信号分子,都可以作为治疗脑缺血性损伤的潜在靶点。随着对脑缺血损伤与神经细胞凋亡关联的深入研究,抗凋亡治疗已经成为治疗脑缺血性疾病的重要途径。     

小RNA病毒与细胞凋亡

在小RNA病毒科中,口蹄疫病毒等不同病毒的不同基因可诱导宿主细胞发生凋亡,其作用机制也不完全相同。论文对小RNA病毒诱导细胞凋亡的机制进行了综述,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

Geoditin A Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis on Human Colon HT29 Cells

Geoditin A, an isomalabaricane triterpene isolated from the marine sponge Geodia japonica, has been demonstrated to dissipate mitochondrial membrane potential, activate caspase 3, decrease cytoplasmic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and induce apoptosis of leukemia cells, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear [1]. In this study, we found fragmentation of Golgi structure, suppression of transferrin receptor expression, production of oxidants, and DNA fragmentation in human colon cancer HT29 cells after treatment with geoditin A for 24 h. This apoptosis was not abrogated by chelation of intracellular iron with salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), but suppressed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol antioxidant and GSH precursor, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of geoditin A is likely mediated by a NAC-inhibitable oxidative stress. Our results provide a better understanding of the apoptotic properties and chemotherapeutical potential of this marine triterpene.     

辣椒碱对斜纹夜蛾细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

采用3-(4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑(MTT)检测法、荧光显微镜细胞形态观察法和流式细胞仪(flow cytometry,FCM)技术,研究了辣椒碱对离体培养斜纹夜蛾Spodopt-era litura(SL)细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。结果表明:辣椒碱对SL细胞24 h的IC50值为46.89μg/mL,与鱼藤酮差异不显著。40μg/mL辣椒碱处理SL细胞24h后,细胞形态明显不规则,呈现出凋亡的典型症状。10、20和40μg/mL辣椒碱处理SL细胞48h后,细胞早期凋亡率分别为13.56%、18.61%和3.81%,而晚期凋亡和坏死率分别为23.78%、34.28%和61.72%。辣椒碱处理细胞48h后,细胞周期变化明显,细胞生长阻滞于G2/M期。表明辣椒碱对斜纹夜蛾细胞具有良好的抑制作用,能致细胞凋亡并有一定的浓度依赖性。     

细胞凋亡信号传导通路的研究进展

细胞凋亡是多细胞生物调控生物体的发育、细胞更新和维持内环境稳定的一种重要机制。目前发现细胞凋亡存在死亡受体通路、线粒体通路和内质网通路3条通路,且各通路之间相互联系,共同促进细胞凋亡。作者综述了近年来细胞凋亡信号传导通路及其调控的研究进展。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Inulin‐coated butyrate increases ileal MCT1 expression and affects mucosal morphology in the porcine ileum by reduced apoptosis

Carbohydrates, which were not digested in the jejunum, will be fermented by micro‐organisms to short chain fatty acids. These are transported by the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) through the gut wall and serve as fuels for colonic cells. To deliver butyrate to the distal part of the intestine, inulin with a low precaecal digestibility was chosen as a coating material. Approximately 150 g of inulin‐coated butyrate (containing 81 g butyrate) per day was fed to pigs (mean weight: 97 kg) over a period of 6 days after an adaptation period of 6 days with linear increasing amounts of butyrate. The following observations compared to controls were observed: (1) coating was digested microbially in the ileum; (2) MCT1‐mRNA showed a higher expression in the ileum; (3) apoptosis was reduced in the ileum but mitosis was not changed; and (4) length of villi increased by approximately 25% in the ileum. Feeding inulin‐coated butyrate resulted in an increased ileal surface. Delivery of butyrate to the colon requires a more resistant inulin‐coating.     

醋酸铅对小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡基因p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

将40只未成年雌性昆明系小鼠随机分成3个处理组和1个对照组,每组10只。处理组小鼠分别连续2 d腹腔注射铅10、20、40 mg/kg（按体质量给药）,对照组小鼠注射等体积的生理盐水。于注射后24、72 h分离卵巢,用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）测定卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡率,同时用半定量RT-PCR方法检测凋亡基因p53、Bax、Bcl-2mRNA表达。结果表明,铅可促进颗粒细胞凋亡,且随剂量的增加和作用时间的延长,颗粒细胞中p53、Bax基因表达量逐渐增加,与对照组相比差异显著或极显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;而Bcl-2基因表达量则逐渐减少（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;表明铅可通过上调促细胞凋亡基因p53、Bax基因表达量,下调Bcl-2基因表达量,诱导卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡。     

Histopathology of insulin-induced laminitis in ponies

Reasons for performing study: Ponies with laminitis associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia lack systemic and/or intestinal inflammatory signs, suggesting a different pathogenesis potentially reflected in differing histopathology. Objectives: To describe the histological appearance and quantify morphological changes in primary and secondary epidermal lamellae (PEL and SEL) of laminitis lesions from ponies with insulin‐induced laminitis. Methods: Equine hoof lamellar tissue was obtained from 4 control ponies and 5 ponies with laminitis induced following infusion of insulin (1036 ± 55 µU/ml) while maintaining euglycaemia for 55.4 ± 5.5 h. Sections from all 4 hooves were stained and examined by a veterinary pathologist. Measurements of lamellar length (PEL and SEL) were made in mid‐dorsal sections of the right forefeet by 2 blinded observers. Immunolabelling for calprotectin was performed using a monoclonal antibody. Results: No lesions were detected in normal ponies. Lesions detected in ponies with laminitis were variable in severity between ponies. Within ponies, SEL lesions were more severe along the axial region of PEL. Lesions included swelling, disorganisation and abnormal keratinisation of epidermal cells, increased mitotic activity and apoptosis. Separation of basement membranes was minimal. Immunostaining revealed inflammatory cells within the lamellar dermis. SEL were significantly elongated in laminitic hooves relative to controls, with the greatest elongation in those attached to abaxial and middle regions of PEL. Conclusions: Laminitis induced by prolonged infusion of insulin lacked widespread basement membrane disintegration, and increases in epidermal cellular proliferation at axial aspects were marked for this acute stage of disease. Potential relevance: Defining equine laminitis entirely in terms of separation of the basement membrane may not be appropriate for laminitis associated with hyperinsulinaemia.     

Effects of Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Hepatic Apoptosis-Related Gene Expressions between Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Normal Body Weight Piglets

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) causes significantly negative effects on the methylation status of genes related to cell apoptosis compared with normal body weight (NBW) piglets. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal dietary folic acid supplementation on genes expression profile for hepatic apoptosis in IUGR and NBW piglets. Twenty four Yorkshire gilts were allocated randomly to one of the two diets: control (C, folic acid 1.3 mg/kg) or folic acid supplementation (FS, folic acid 30 mg/kg) after mating. Gene expressions in liver samples were determined and revealed that the mRNA expressions of p53, BCL-2 associated X protein (Bax), and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) were upregulated in IUGR piglets compared with NBW piglets fed C diets, but could be reversed by maternal folic acid supplementation. The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Serine-protein Kinase–Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), and Cadherin-associated protein–beta-catenin 1 (CTNNB1) were influenced by maternal folic acid supplementation significantly, but were not influenced by birth weight. Expression of p53 binding protein–MDM-2 (MDM-2) remained unchanged. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that maternal folic acid supplementation could exert positive effects on genes related to apoptosis in IUGR and NBW piglets, which might facilitate their postnatal health and growth performance.