石蝉草乙醇提取物除草活性初探

为探明石蝉草是否具有除草活性,本研究采用小杯法和盆栽试验法测定石蝉草乙醇提取物对13种植物的除草活性。结果表明,石蝉草乙醇提取物对13种植物的根茎生长均有抑制作用,对苘麻和稗草根长的抑制中浓度IC50分别为0.73和0.80mg/mL,对茎长的IC50分别为0.77和0.89mg/mL;盆栽试验表明,5mg/mL浓度对稗草和苘麻7d的防治效果分别为90.73%和82.02%,与对照药剂癸酸无显著性差异。研究结果为研发新型除草剂提供了新思路。     

Analysis of the gacS-gacA regulatory genes of spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain PfG32R

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R, a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens, frequently loses its antifungal activity and ability to produce enzymes. To characterize genetically the instability of these bacterial functions, we analyzed gacS and gacA genes of PfG32R and three spontaneous mutants of PfG32R (NR1, NR9, and ASW6), which had lost their ability to produce proteases and antifungal activities. The gacS and gacA sequences of PfG32R had 77%–89% and 78%–87% homology, respectively, with several known gacS and gacA homologues. All three spontaneous mutants were subjected to complementation analysis. Introduction of clones containing an intact gacS of PfG32R and another P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 as well as strain tea632 of P. syringae pv. theae complemented all three mutants restoring protease and antifungal activities, indicating a mutation in gacS. In sequencing analysis, the mutants had a deletion or change in amino acids in the conserved sensor kinase domains of GacS. The three mutants maintained both their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and siderophore production, indicating that they are not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. The sequences reported in this article have been deposited in the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB219364 and AB219365.     

薰衣草油与肉桂油对朱砂叶螨的生物活性和行为分析

为明确在室内条件下薰衣草油、肉桂油对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)的生物活性,采用喷雾、熏蒸法测定了薰衣草油和肉桂油对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性、产卵抑制活性和熏蒸活性,并分析了2种精油的亚致死剂量对雌成螨运动行为的影响。结果表明:与肉桂油相比,薰衣草油对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性较强,经浓度为1%的薰衣草油喷雾处理后,雌成螨、若螨24 h后的死亡率分别为64.07%和52.22%,LC_(50)分别为0.41%和0.89%;浓度为2%的薰衣草油对雌成螨产卵的抑制作用最强;与肉桂油相比,薰衣草油的熏蒸活性也较强,熏蒸雌成螨6、12和24 h后的死亡率分别为70.37%、85.19%和95.19%,LD_(50)分别为0.94、0.59和0.39μL;随精油剂量增加雌成螨运动轨迹紊乱,触壁反射活动减少,移动范围明显减小,而移动频率先升高后降低。研究表明,与肉桂油相比,在朱砂叶螨的生物防治中薰衣草油具有更高的应用价值。     

Synthesis and insecticidal activities of pyridine ring derivatives of podophyllotoxin

In an attempt to find the biorational pesticides, we synthesized 12 pyridinyl derivatives of podophyllotoxin (PPT) and 4′-demthylepipodophylltoxin (4′-DMEP) in this study. Their structures and the α/β substitution at C-4 were confirmed by ¹H NMR, IR, MS spectral analyses and elemental analysis. The insecticidal activities were tested against fifth-instar larvae of Pieris rapae and the third-instar larvae of Cullex pipiens pallens at concentrations of 250 and 10 μg ml⁻¹. Four derivatives of PPT, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5, showed higher insecticidal activities against P. rapae than PPT, while three derivatives of PPT, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6, displayed higher mosquito larvicidal activity than PPT, with LC₅₀ values of 1.66, 3.96 and 1.54 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Interestingly, we also found that the pyridine ring derivatives of PPT showed delayed insecticidal activity, which is different from traditional neurotic insecticides. The results suggest that 4′-OCH₃ in the PPT derivatives is essential to keep the insecticidal activity and the insecticidal activities of pyridine ring derivatives of PPT are higher than that of the derivatives of 4′-DMEP, supporting PPT has the potential to be a lead structure of semi-synthetic insecticides.     

补骨脂抑菌活性成分分析及鉴定

本文以苹果腐烂病菌为指示菌,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定补骨脂的抑菌活性,其中提取物采用浸渍法提取,通过反复柱层析、薄层层析等分离纯化方法,对补骨脂粗提物的活性成分进行系统的分离,最终得到5种活性物质,经波谱分析法鉴定5种化合物分别为补骨脂酚（bakuchi01）、呋喃香豆素精（bakuchicin）、补骨脂查尔酮（bavachalcone）、补骨脂定（psoralidin）和补骨脂二氢黄酮（bavachin）。经过室内毒力试验,5种化合物的EC50分别为6．117、60．441、3．420、36．815和6．144mg·L-1,EC90分别为204．480、97．795、15．334、221．860和89．631mg·L-1,表明5种化合物对苹果腐烂病菌均具有很高的抑制活性。     

辣椒素的抑菌作用及其对某些保护酶活性的影响

 本文对辣椒素的抑菌作用和对寄主体内3种保护酶活性的影响进行了研究,结果表明3.57μg/mL-50.00μg/mL的辣椒素对辣椒枯萎病菌的菌丝生长都有明显的抑制作用,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈强。20μg/mL辣椒素对另外供试的8种病原菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用最强。辣椒素处理辣椒后1-6 d内,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的平均增减比率值均明显高于对照,而且对根部和叶部3种保护酶活性的影响显著不同。     

杀虫真菌与苏云金芽胞杆菌对草地贪夜蛾的联合室内杀虫活性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是一种迁飞性重大害虫。为了弄清不同微生物联合使用对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力,在室内条件下采用直接喷雾方法,测定了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana ZJU435和苏云金芽胞杆菌（Baci1lus thuringiensis,Bt）G033A两两之间对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内联合杀虫活性。结果表明：金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421与球孢白僵菌ZJU435悬浮液联合接种10 d后,1～3龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.6%、58.8%和35.4%,都显著高于CQMa421和ZJU435单剂处理组。CQMa421与Bt联合接种5 d后,2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率为82.6%,显著高于CQMa421（21.1%）和Bt（65.5%）单剂处理;ZJU435与Bt联合接种5 d后,2龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率为80.4%和68.6%,显著高于Bt和ZJU435单剂处理组。上述试验结果表明：不同杀虫真菌联合使用、杀虫真菌与Bt联合使用能有效提高对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性,为田间利用不同微生物农药有效防控草地贪夜蛾提供了依据。     

不同盐浓度对芨芨草种子萌发过程中几种生理指标的影响

不同浓度的N aC l处理芨芨草种子后,通过研究其萌发过程中淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明:N aC l处理下芨芨草种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性与对照相比均上升,且呈现双峰曲线的变化趋势。而淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量与对照相比均下降,并与N aC l处理浓度呈负相关。     

Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities

Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.     

迷迭香精油对几种植物病原菌的抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了迷迭香精油对甜瓜蔓枯病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、甜瓜灰霉病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌、梨树腐烂病菌、柑橘黑腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌、蚕豆轮纹病菌和桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:迷迭香精油对8种病原真菌都具有很好的抑菌活性,其EC50分别为843.9914、1 084.2372、483.9457、1 735.5866、1 011.7869、901.2150、356.8803、1 197.3657 μL/L;对桃细菌性穿孔病菌也具有一定的抑菌活性,浓度为100 mL/L时,抑菌圈直径为1.00 cm,最低抑菌浓度为1 000 μL/L.