大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin对鲤稚鱼、幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

【目的】研究大豆抗原蛋白大豆球蛋白(Glycinin)对鲤稚鱼、幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响。【方法】以鱼粉为动物蛋白源,混合油脂(m(玉米油)∶m(鱼油)=1∶1)为脂肪源,糊精、面粉为糖源,分别配制大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin添加量为0(CK),30,60,90,120g/kg的5种等氮(稚鱼、幼鱼饲料粗蛋白分别为400和360g/kg)等能(稚鱼、幼鱼饲料总能分别是16.9和15.2MJ/kg)的试验饲料。分别以初始体质量为(10.12±0.08)g/尾的鲤稚鱼和(116.89±0.13)g/尾的鲤幼鱼为试验对象,在控温单循环养殖系统中,进行为期8周的饲养试验,每组饲料设3个重复,探讨大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin对鲤稚鱼、幼鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响。【结果】在鲤稚鱼和幼鱼的配合饲料中,添加不同比例大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin,导致其肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力不同程度下降。其中,鲤稚鱼大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin添加量为30,60,90和120g/kg组的前肠和后肠蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而30和60g/kg组中肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),90和120g/kg组中肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在鲤幼鱼配合饲料中,当大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin的添加量为30和60g/kg时,前肠和后肠蛋白酶活力与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),90和120g/kg组前肠和后肠蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而30g/kg组中肠蛋白酶活力与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),60,90和120g/kg组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);肝胰脏蛋白酶活力各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin对鲤稚鱼和幼鱼肠道及肝胰脏淀粉酶活力影响不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin添加量为30g/kg时,鲤稚鱼前肠和后肠蛋白酶活力显著下降,添加量为60g/kg时,鲤幼鱼中肠蛋白酶活力显著下降,但大豆抗原蛋白Glycinin对鲤稚鱼和幼鱼淀粉酶活力影响不显著。     

双波长法测定常用淀粉原料中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量

建立了双波长法测定常用淀粉原料中直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量的方法。按照双波长测定的等吸收点作图法确定2种淀粉的测定波长和参比波长,直链淀粉的测定波长分别为630、480 nm,支链淀粉的测定波长分别为550、735 nm。结果表明,直链淀粉浓度在0~36 μg/mL、支链淀粉浓度在40~100 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,符合比耳定律,具有较高的精确度和准确度。常用淀粉原料的总淀粉含量在66.51%~83.65%,其中绿豆淀粉和豌豆淀粉的直链淀粉含量比明显高于其他淀粉原料;糯米粉中的支链淀粉含量最高,其直链淀粉含量过低,导致吸光值太小而检测不出。     

Studies on amylase inhibitors in some Egyptian legume seeds

Amylase inhibitor activity was determined in four legume seeds which are widely consumed in Egypt. The effect of dehulling, heat treatment, soaking and germination were also assessed. The results showed that faba bean contained the highest activity of amylase inhibitor followed by cowpea, lentils, then chickpea. Dehulling resulted in raising the amylase inhibitor activities in all samples investigated, while heat treatment and cooking lowered it. Soaking for 10 h and germination eliminated completely the inhibitor from all samples.     

淀粉酶在传统酿醋中的应用

目前我国食醋生产普遍采用固态发酵法,利用麸曲作为糖化剂。本研究中用酶制剂代替常规生产中的麸曲,可以减去麸曲生产的工序,降低劳动强度和生产成本,缩短生产周期4～6天,加快发酵速度,提高了食醋生产的经济效益。通过试验确定了生产中适宜的用酶量:α—淀粉酶8单位/克淀粉,葡萄糖淀粉酶30单位/克淀粉,掌握了酶对食醋发酵的影响及其发酵规律。     

混合发酵对纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

采用混合培养法 ,研究了假丝酵母对黑曲霉和烟曲霉固态发酵中纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明 :1接入少量假丝酵母混合培养 ,可明显提高黑曲霉和烟曲霉纤维素酶系中滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、微晶纤维素酶及淀粉酶的活性。混合培养时 ,黑曲霉发酵产物中上述 4种酶的峰值酶活较黑曲霉单独培养时分别提高 36 .1% ,11.1% ,16 .2 %及 4 1.8% ;烟曲霉分别提高 2 4 .9% ,5 2 .8% ,4 0 .8%及 16 3.5 %。 2混合培养时 ,在黑曲霉和烟曲霉中 ,除黑曲霉的滤纸酶和淀粉酶外 ,其余纤维素酶和淀粉酶的产酶高峰期较单纯培养提前 2 4 h出现 ,接入酵母菌加快了发酵进程 ,使发酵周期缩短。 3接入酵母菌后 ,黑曲霉和烟曲霉固态发酵产物中细胞外可溶性蛋白质峰值含量 ,较无酵母菌接入时分别提高 34.8%和 4 1% ;且细胞外可溶性蛋白质含量随发酵时间的变化趋势与纤维素酶及淀粉酶的活性变化趋势吻合 ,揭示了混合培养时纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性提高是酶蛋白合成与分泌量增加的结果。 4酵母菌利用了固态发酵中水解形成的纤维二糖等小分子还原糖 ,解除了纤维二糖对纤维素酶和淀粉酶合成的反馈阻遏 ,提高了发酵产物的酶活性。     

Influence of extreme K:Na ratios and high substrate salinity on plant metabolism of crops differing in salt tolerance

K⁺/Na⁺ and Cl^‐ effects on activity of amylases as well as on their isoenzyme pattern in leaves of bushbeans and sugarbeets at the beginning of salinity stress were investigated, in plants grown in water culture under controlled environmental conditions. Alpha‐ and beta‐amylase activity in beans increased, particularly due to K⁺ and Cl^‐ supplied. In sugarbeets amylase activity remained unchanged as a result of K/Na treatment in combination with Cl and decreased using SO₄ ^2‐ as counterion. A direct correlation of amylase activity to the starch content of both species was not detctable. Particularly α‐but also ß‐amylase was most strongly inhibited by KCl “in vitro”. Independent on their origin, amylases from bushbeans and sugarbeets did not show any differences in ionic inhibition “in vitro”. The isoenzyme pattern of the species was different, but no clear ionic effect was detectable. Amylolytic activity is evidently not a causative factor for restricted starch mobilization in leaves under an early salinity stress. It is suggested that amylases are indirectly involved in starch formation via degradation due to a lack of a carbohydrate sink under salinity stress. Differences in salt tolerance of the investigated crops are obviously not related to different “in vitro” properties of amylases.     

植酸和氯离子对稻米品质的影响

 以原丰早为材料进行了在不同时期施用植酸与氯离子的试验。在水稻抽穗至成熟期间叶面喷施植酸，能抑制水解酶类的活性，减弱淀粉酶分解淀粉的反应，提高淀粉合成酶的活性，有利于淀粉合成，改善稻米品质。水稻齐穗期叶面喷施50、100 mg/kg 两种浓度的植酸，碎米率的平均值比对照低2. 8～23. 1个百分点，整精米率上升5～7个百分点；垩白等级、垩白率降低，乳白米粒减少，与对照相比差异显著；对碱消值、直链淀粉含量亦有影响。氯离子作为淀粉酶的激活剂，喷施后能抑制淀粉合成酶的活性，对稻米品质呈逆向效应。     

Effect of heat treatment and germination on alpha amylase inhibitor activity in chick peas (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chick pea seeds of twenty eight varieties were analysed for alpha amylase inhibitor activity (AIA) using salivary amylase. The effects of heat treatment and germination on the activity of the antinutritional factor was investigated. Heat treatment and germination decreased the activity of amylase inhibitor. Chick pea meal was also subjected to UV irradiation and pressure cooking. These treatments decreased alpha amylase inhibitor activity. The amylase inhibitor activity decreased as the days of germination increased and negligible inhibitor activity was observed on the 6th day of germination.     

ASI蛋白的特性及其应用研究进展

ＡＳＩ是抑制小麦α－淀粉酶活性及改善小麦品质的一种重要蛋白,目前已将编码ＡＳＩ蛋白的基因定位于麦类作物第二同源染色体的长臂上。ＡＳＩ蛋白具有高度的多态性。大麦中ＡＳＩ蛋白对小麦α－淀粉酶的活性抑制作用较强,在小麦中导入大麦ＡＳＩ蛋白基因能够延缓小麦穗发芽。抗ＡＳＩ蛋白的单克隆抗体具有特异性,依赖抗小麦ＡＳＩ蛋白的ＥＬＩＳＡ是测定ＡＳＩ蛋白浓度的一种有效方法。本文对α－淀粉酶抑制蛋白的特性及应用进行     

昼夜变温促进小麦幼苗生长的酶学研究

从酶学角度对昼夜变温促进小麦生长进行了研究。发现昼夜变温条件下生长的小麦幼苗其淀粉酶和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶的活性具有昼夜周期特性,白天活性较高,夜晚较低,而恒温条件下生长的小麦幼苗则无此特性。另外测得两种酶活性最适温度淀粉酶是３５℃,而葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶为３０℃。