Stability Analysis of Yield in Maize,Wheat and Sorghum and its Implications in Breeding Programs*

Six stability statistics: (b_i, s²_di, , , and ) were estimated for maize, wheat and sorghum in different environments by using three statistical models. The significant linear portion of genotype × environment interaction for maize indicates different hybrids responded differently to environments, whereas the non-significant genotype × environment interaction (linear) were found for wheat and sorghum suggest that all genotypes responded similarly as the environments change. However, the highly significant pooled deviations (deviation from regression) for all three crops make yield predictions from the model less reliable. When regression coefficients (b_i) were non-significant, s²_di, became an important statistic in estimating stability. It appears that the regression coefficient, b_i, was best used to estimate genotypic adaptability, whereas s²_di, for stability. Maize and sorghum had negative correlations between the mean yield and stability statistics, s²_di, , and , suggesting that high yield and stability are not mutually exclusive in the range of environments used in this study; however, such correlations did not occur in wheat. Thus, maize and sorghum hybrids with high yield potential and high stability could be identified and selected. Correlations between mean yield and b_i, or , were positive and significant for maize and sorghum but were non-significant for wheat, indicating that such relationships may be species specific. Under a given set of testing environments, the stability ranking associated with each maize hybrid is correlated to and depends on other hybrids included in the analysis.     

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Hexaploid and Tetraploid Wheat to Drought Stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.     

Seed Yield Stability of Okra as Influenced by Planting Date

Fifteen selected okra varieties consisting of ten newly-developed lines and five established varieties were evaluated for stability of seed yields in eight different environments i.e. several monthly plantings for three consecutive years. Seed yield data were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of using different planting dates in seed yield trials of new okra varieties. The wide ranges of environmental indices (- 10.8 to 24.4) and seed yield (2.7 to 38.0 g plant ^-1) indicated significant variation between the environments even though the trials were conducted at the same location. A regression method of stability analysis showed that the mean differences between environments, the varieties and their interactions were highly significant. These results suggest that where limited resources prevent the use of several locations, different dates of planting for two or more years could be used to evaluate okra varieties for seed yield without losing much information on their relative ranking.     

水稻早世代稳定特异性的研究

利用9个具有早世代稳定遗传特性的水稻品系和7个栽培稻作为主体亲本杂交配组，在130个组合F2群体963个株系中，发现28个组合中出现73个稳定株系。遗传分析表明水稻早世代稳定既不是质量性状遗传也不是数量性状遗传，是按株群分离的遗传方式，出现稳定株系的组合F1群体发生了分离，F2群体中既有性状不分离的稳定株系又有孟德尔     

利用GGE双标图分析花生品质性状的基因型-环境互作

花生品质性状的稳定性和基因型-环境互作研究,可为花生品质育种及不同生态区域花生品种的选择提供参考依据。本研究利用GGE-biplot工具,对我国黄淮海花生主产区16个花生品种两年间的品质性状进行了综合分析,包括含油量、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和蛋白质含量等。结果显示,5个品质性状均有较高的GGE总变异值（主成分因素PC1和PC2变异的总和）,变幅在61.5%-79.9%之间,以含油量的GGE变异值最低,为61.5%,油酸含量的GGE变异值最高,为79.9%。16个花生品种2年间部分品质性状表现较为一致,其中濮花9519的含油量表型值波动最小,山花9号的亚油酸含量表型值波动最小,开农49是油酸含量表型值最为稳定的品种,天府23号是棕榈酸含量和蛋白质含量表型值最为稳定的品种。初步明确了徐州和濮阳分别适合高油花生和高油酸花生种植,确定了不同生态类型试点下较适合种植的品种,为花生品种推广应用提供了参考。     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

致病疫霉拮抗放线菌的筛选及抑菌作用初步研究

为获得对致病疫霉具有显著且稳定拮抗作用的放线菌,利用对峙培养法和滤纸片法测定了从土壤中分离纯化出的放线菌活体及其发酵液对致病疫霉生长的抑制作用,并对其中抑菌效果显著的Sy11菌株的抑菌方式、对致病疫霉的感应性、传代稳定性以及对致病疫霉菌体形态的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,分离纯化出的74株放线菌中有17株对致病疫霉具有拮抗作用,但其发酵液对致病疫霉均无抑制作用;Sy11菌株只有感应到致病疫霉存在时才分泌对致病疫霉的抑菌物质;连续传代25次后,Sy11菌株的抑制率仍然保持在81%以上;Sy11菌株可导致致病疫霉菌丝体严重变形,但只是抑制其生长,并未杀死致病疫霉。这些结果表明,Sy11菌株在防治马铃薯晚疫病方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

离子交换层析法纯化羊血SOD及其稳定性研究

以羊血为原料,通过热处理、透析、离子交换层析等方法获得SOD提取物,测定其酶活力和蛋白质含量,并从温度、pH稳定性和外源试剂耐受性等几个方面对SOD稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:经过离子交换层析后,SOD的比活力达到5289.1U·mg-1,回收率为60%,纯化倍数为25.3倍;在40～60℃保温30min,SOD酶活力基本不变;pH6～9范围内SOD的稳定性较好;SOD对2mmol·L-1H2O2和尿素较敏感,2mmol·L-1SDS对SOD没有明显的抑制作用.     

人工林生态系统稳定性研究综述

在总结国内外稳定性研究的基础上,对人工林生态系统稳定性的概念、内涵和外延,人工林树种的自我维持,多样性和稳定性理论,人为干扰与稳定性的关系,人工林生态系统稳定性指标体系和研究方法等进行综述,指出应加强干扰对人工林生态系统稳定性影响的研究,以及人工林树种和品系选择、组合和搭配技术的研究,提高人工林的遗传多样性、物种多样性和系统多样性,优化人工林生态系统的结构与功能。     

好氧反硝化细菌的筛选

采集江安河及府河淤泥样本,采用BTB培养基与N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法筛选出20株具有反硝化能力的好氧菌株.选取其中5株反硝化能力较强的DM1、DM2、DM3、DM4和DM5菌株,进行NO3--N去除率测定,其48 h NO3--N去除率均达到了30％以上.其中DM1、DM2、DM3和DM5菌株氮去除率依次为43.9％、47.6％、47.9％和51.3％.对DM5菌株进行生长曲线测定,进行pH值和温度对反硝化速率影响测定,试验结果表明在pH 7.0～7.4,温度20～30℃时,DM5菌株反硝化效果较好.